KazSSR Academy of Sciences
Linguistics Institute
E. N. Shipova
Dictionary of Türkisms in Russian Language
Alma-Ata, "Science" KazSSR, 1976, ISBN -none
Editor-in-chief Akad. A.N.Kononov
Links
xls file click here
Additional studies:
Clauson, Gerard. "Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish", with a preface by
A. Róna-Tas. (Studia Uralo-Altaica. 14-15) 2 vols. xi, (1), 356pp.; (2), 261pp. Szeged (Attila
Jószef University), 1981
Clauson, Gerard. "Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish", Oxford University
Press, London, 1972
Posting Foreword
A reader will immediately notice that the posting was not proofread. In special cases, for a more detailed follow up, a careful proofreading will be required, but academic research is outside of the purpose of this posting, intended to display a degree of historical linguistic symbiosis between the Türkic and Slavic languages. In that purpose, we follow the intent of E.N.Shipova, who published a collection of lexicon and previously published references, predominantly without her independent analysis, leaving that to future scholars. This has not followed, the intellectual activity in past half-century was about the same as in the previous two centuries. Whether a pathetic patriotism, or the spirit of the reigning systems prevented history form breaking free, replacing its with the surrogates of the Potemkin tales. The number of links to the related subjects was minimized, allowing the readers to do their own searches to resolve any questions.
In a way the dictionary is a child of WWII. During the war, scientists of the Leningrad
Linguistic Institute were evacuated to Kazakhstan, in its then capital Frunze, rechristened by
Stalinists after one of most vicious red commissars. The fate gave linguist E.N.Shipova, who
was earlier specializing in Russian philology, a chance to learn about the the Kazakh Türkic
language, which 35 years later developed into a philological publication. The task by that time was
in the plans for more than 150 years, but in spite that Russian history and philology are
inseparable from Türkic history and philology, and that Türkic languages constitute a
lexical backbone of the Russian language and a second
linguistic majority in the country, the plan could not germinate for almost two centuries. The work suffered
only a single shy print of 3,500 copies, and that is all that the country can boast since the times of the
French revolution. Even now, in Russia the publication retains a semi-academical reputation as a
loose mix of dialectal and obsolete with common and modern, and the percentage of Türkic admixture
into the popular and literary lingo in different historical periods was never published academically.
I.G.Dobrodomov noted that "the Turkic
material is represented in it incompletely, particularly in respect to the written
sources, which are not sufficiently studied for identification of Türkisms." (Dobrodomov
I.G., Problem of linguistic authenticity of the material in historical research, 4/ 2002 (10), pp. 5-20
) Judging by the
progress already made, the problem is promised a long life even by the historical scale.
E.N.Shipova thoroughly researched the leading Russian philological sources, and in most cases she directly recites them. She also follows the loaded official terminological nomenclature, like invariably calling anti-colonial basmachi rebels as bandits, the Mongolian time "Mongolo-Tatar yoke", etc., and defers to the clearly prejudiced scholars even in the cases which betray elementary illiteracy, challenging their vaguely substantiated verdicts only when they fly in the face of clear evidence from fundamental sources like Codex Cumanicus. Notably, E.N.Shipova did not include in the bibliography such a fundamental source as M.Kashgari, but in a few cases she unobtrusively and indirectly used his evidence to make a point. А number of entries E.N.Shipova just simply hid, using an off-mainstream pronunciation as a main entry, and listing a dictionary pronunciation only in the body of comments. This tactics could have been employed to conceal these words from the editorial censors, while allowing researchers a path to a correct etymology. A few of such cases are noted in blue. We also should pay a tribute to Acad. A.N.Kononov, who was the Editor-in-chief of the publication. There are a few of these cases, the implied entries make numerical comparisons more difficult.
The contents of the dictionary reflects well a situation in the Russian-Türkic etymological literature. Many dictionary entries belong to obsolete concepts, ancient names of clothing, and tools, unused in modern Russian. A selection of most common root words from the 2,000 dictionary word nests, with the majority without synonyms, or with all synonyms of Türkic origin, like “mushmula = kizil”, numbers 520 The list includes words of Mongolian, Iranian, Arabic and other provenance, representing material of religious, legal, household and other contents, classified by the modern researchers as Türkisms in Russian. The words defined by the term "borrowed" are really not borrowed at a personal level like such foreign words as "pizza", but became assimilated native, absorbed into native tongue. These are the words in the lexicon that people do not know a translation of these words to Slavic, they may had equivalents in Slavic, but they are not known.
E.N.Shipova's dictionary unfortunately does not include a rich lexical layer of the oldest loans shared by all, or an overwhelming majority of, the Slavic languages and Türkic prototypes. The existing etymological dictionaries for such words are limited to the search of Indo-European, Persian, and ancient Indian prototypes, regularly ignoring Türkic cognates. Such selective science is conventionally held as falsification. At the same time, some researchers limit the period of probable loans to the Tataro-Mongolian time, a minority recollects the pre-Mongolian Bulgars, and everyone ignores the Khazarian, Avarian, and Hunnic periods, which only before the emigration of Khan Asparuh in the 680es, that opened a Khazarian period, covered the country for 515 years, as stated in the " Nominalia of Bulgarian Khans". Such narrow tunnel vision naturally misses the most interesting pages of the history and lexicon, turning upside down the etymology as a valuable tool of the historical science.
А Reader will immediately notice almost complete absence of Türkic etymological sources. The overwhelming majority of references are given to the researchers who manifestly are not Russo-Türkic bilinguals, who extract their knowledge only from the Russian-lingual publications. However incredible it is, there is not a single bibliographical source in Türkic languages, neither from the Russian nor the Soviet scientists. Try to think of compiling a Russian dictionary without a single Russian source, a Chinese dictionary without a single Chinese source. This handicap alone would severely incapacitate the science, and result in a number of either primitive or wrongful speculations. Practically nowhere in the etymological elucidations the sources refer to the phonetical transitions that govern the spread of the word within Türkic languages, or in transition from Türkic to Slavic. Even when an etymologist suggests a particular source, like Bulgarian or Kipchak, the suggestion is not properly justified, and can't be taken for more then a subjective opinion. The overall result is a parochial compilation of variable quality sources, some of them distinguished with overt bias.
A reason for such vacuum was not an absence of loyal qualified scientists, but an intentional constricting of the sources to exclusively Russian or Russian-hired experts, a policy that originated in the Peter I time, when a slew of foreign scientists was hired into the Russian service to create а dynastic history of the Russian Empire. Since then, and generally continued into today, the dynastic history serves as a substitute for the history of the land and its peoples. A few native philologists, whose works preceded the publication of the dictionary, can be named alphabetically as an example: Ali Rahim, M.I. Ahmetzyanov, N.B. Burganova, F.G. Garipova, R.G. Kuzeeva...
The dictionary nests marked by Roman numerals give a Türkic semantics, and the entries designated by Arabic numerals give Russian variations, not necessary semantically coinciding with their Türkic meanings in the modern Türkic languages, and sometimes they preserve the most ancient Türkic meanings, as for example kura with the meaning "wall". Some words gained an independent life in Russian language, and developed into lexical cluster, as for example tamga => tamga = "tamga", tamojnya = "customs office", rastamajivat = "clear through customs", denga = "coin", dengi = "money"; maka => smekat = "figure out", kumekat = "figure out", nevdomyok = "no clue", makar (takim makarom) = "in this way", etc. The inflectional Slavic easily transforms and moves Türkic loanwords into the words which phonetically are sometimes barely recognizable, like "tamga" - "tamojnya" "rastamajivat"; "maka" - "smekat", "nevdomyok".
By its word stock, Russian language can be divided into Slavic or Turkic-Slavic of the pre-Mongol period, Ancient Russian or rather the Old-Russian of the Mongolian period until the end of the Peter I reign, post-Peter I to the Communist period, and the modern post-Communist period. The official periodization is, of course, quite different terminologically and in substance. The Turko-Slavic is not mentioned at all, instead it is as an Ancient Russian, and both periods are merged into one, dubbed Ancient Russian, though linguistically they are strikingly different. The E. Shipova's Dictionary in many ways is a dictionary of Old Russian of the Mongol period, when upon the ancient layer of the Turkic-Slavic language superimposed the lexical and morphological imprint of the Turkic languages: Bechen-Bosnyak, Oguz, Kipchak, and other languages of the Kipchak Khanate. This language existed until the end of the Peter I reign, when the Old-Russian language began absorbing a flood of lexical material from the European languages. The post-Peter I period is distinguished by speedy Indo-Europeanization of the Russian language, and a gradual loss of both the Turkic-Slavic and Turkic lexicons. The process of Indo-Europeanization accelerated through the Communist and post-Communist period, due to import and substitution of the Slavonicisms with the European technological vocabulary. In all cases, mutual understanding of the languages in the adjacent periods is fairly high, on the dialectal level, but the mutual understanding between languages two periods apart is no more than mutual understanding between related different languages. A large layer of the post-Peter I period lexicon of Turkisms is unknown to the modern reader, and to a lesser extent is unknown the lexical layer that survived to the Communist period.
The idiosyncrasy of Russian language is distinguished by a phenomenon of re-importation, when Russified Türkic lexicon re-enters adjacent Türkic population, supposedly at least partially bi-lingual, to complement or replace the native original words. The cloth iron, arch, yoke (утюг, дуга, хомут) are examples of this obviously non-elite dominated assimilation. The process, that started at around Peter I time, when the status of Türkic languages in Russian dominions crushed, continued during the Imperial period expansion, and especially accelerated in the Soviet period, when education was forcefully switched from native languages to Russian, the native press was decimated, national literacy wiped out, and any carrier advance was preconditioned on mastery of Russian verbal, written, professional, and scientific language. An enormous consequence of that is that the modern dictionaries of the modern North-Western Türkic languages are saturated with Russian borrowings and Rusisms substituting for the native words, which create a phantom of a primitive pidgin vernacular. The philologist E.N.Shipova noted in many instances this unusual phenomenon, which closely tracks the intermittent stages of Russian colonization.
A special feature of the analyses cited by E.N.Shipova, is the loose Iranian attribution: no criteria is used for the Persian language, it is treated as a homogenous dead language. But the alive Persian language passed the stages of old Persian, middle Persian, and modern Persian, the middle Persian was distinguished by many Arabisms and Türkisms, and the modern Persian has included even more Türkisms. 30% of the Persian population are Türkic-speaking (25% Azeri), and over the ages they undoubtedly brought their contribution to the Persian language. Adding here the absence of systemic analysis for distribution and transitions of the Türkic language lexicons, the majority of the Persian attribution looks artificial and biased. The quantity of false etymologies traced to the Persian language is such that it is impossible to miss them, in the majority they are abundantly clear from the text that lists ethnicities that could not in any way have replaced their own words with the Persian.
Elizabeth Shipova must have been born at around 1915, she evacuated to Kazakhstan in 1941 as a junior scientist, and maybe never returned back to Leningrad. She must have retired at the age of 55-60, which suspiciously coincides with the timing of the book publication that made her name and fame. She must have published the book immediately before or after retirement, not concerned any more with the future of her carrier. Certainly, these are only speculations, because a scientist who left such a valuable achievement for her country is personally completely unknown, and if not for thousands of references to her work, would be completely forgotten.
* * *
The English posting is a greatly reduced version of the original. Each word nest is reduced to a definition, leaving out contents of the discussion. For references and discussion please refer to the Russian version. For the original print please refer to PDF image.
So far the Russian version proofreading was sporadic only. In some places with words spelled in conflated Cyrillic/Latin contrivances, or Cyrillic/quasi-Cyrllic (letters concocted for different Türkic languages when people were forbidden to use their traditional alphabets; to further divide the conquered peoples, different weird graphics was invented for the same quasi-Cyrillic letters), was used strictly English spelling: бiт = > bit, and some imbedded Türkish diacritic I replaced with their English equivalents: c-cedil = > ch, s-cedil = > sh, and some imbedded Greek "gammas" with "g". The nasal "n", glottal "k", depicted with various quasi-Cyrllic symbols, were replaced with "ng" and "q" respectively. In most cases this pedantry does not serve any purpose, because the euphonic spectrum is very wide even within smaller dialects, and the suggested spelling can only be a general illustration. Some missing entries, addressed elsewhere in the Dictionary, were added in the proper alphabetical order, showing addition in blue. The brown-highlighted entries are roots of missing nests. As they are added to the body of the dictionary, the brown is converted to blue.
The original forewords are translated to introduce a reader to the Orwellian prose necessary in all Soviet era publications. There is little to learn from them, but it gives a flavor of what kind of a lip service and candy wrapping was required to pass a hurdle of publishing nothing more then a collection of linguistical facts of the country's own and already dominating language. They accentuate promises not to be kept, and hails absurd use in public education of a print limited to 3,500 copies in a country of 250 mln at the time. Anyway, they passed the barrier. To the credit of E.N.Shipova and A.N.Kononov no effort was made to obliterate, deface, or falsify facts. Even the non-sensical repetitions of the official historical terminology past the sweet forewords appear to be outside insertions.
As a side note, one study was produced outside of Russian system: Golden P. В. "Turkic Calques in Mediaeval Eastern Slavic" / Journal of Turkish Studies, 8, Cambridge, MA.
DICTIONARY OF TÜRKISMS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
PUBLISHER'S FOREWORD
The dictionary includes about two thousand Türkism words. It discloses the etymology of Türkism words and the history of their arrival in Russian. Is also widely represented the Türkic lexicon included in Russian languagefrom the old Russian written monuments. A significant place is allocated to the oral and colloquial lexicon preserved in Russian dialects and used by writers in works of art, and also in periodicals.
The Dictionary traces the mutual influence of Russian and national (in this case Türkic) languages of the Soviet Union peoples.
The dictionary will be useful to - Türkologist and Slavist linguists, historians, writers, translators, teachers of Russian and national languages, for students of philological faculties.
Editor-in-chief academician A.N.KONONOV
Compiler Shipova Elizaveta Nikolaevna
ИЗДАТЕЛЬСКИЕ ДАННЫЕ
DICTIONARY OF TÜRKISMS IN RUSSIAN
Authorized for printing by the Academic council of institute of Linguistics of the Kazakh SSR
Academy of Sciences
Editor J.V.Leonov; Art. Editor A.B.Maltsev, registration of artist I.Z.Urazaeva; techn. editor 3.
P.Rorokina; proof-reader T.J.Kazanpikova.
Approved for printing 3/VI 1976. It is passed for printing 29Dec 1976.
Format COXSOVic. A paper № 1. Pech. l. 27, 8. Uch.-izd. l. 27.
Circulation 3500. Order. 84.
Price 1р. 32к.
Kazakh SSR Publishing house "Science". Kazakh SSR printing of publishing house "Science".
Address of publishing and printing house: 480021, Alma-Ata, street. Shevchenko, 28.
115~76
70105-105407-76
CRITICAL FOREWORD
The links of the Russian and Türkic languages is documented by the history from the time immemorial. (i.e. ca 900 AD, in other societies called mid of Middle Ages)
The development of Russko-Türkic linguistic connections has a number of historical periods. The most ancient is the period covering the first centuries of our era, before formation of the Kyiv Rus. From the 6th-7th centuries the Slavs enter the trading interrelations with Türkic Avars, and later with Khazars, Volga/Itil Bulgars, and other Türkic tribes, and also with Finno-Ugrians and Iranians. (When Türks trade Slavic slaves to Greece, or send them into battles, or drive them from Poland to Balkans and Greece, or harness them into the carts, we call it trade relations. Not that the trade was not there. It was. And much more.)
The connection that anciently arose between Russian (i.e. Slavs, the Ruses came about 3 centuries later, and the Russians 11 centuries later) and Türkic peoples, their close contact with territorial proximity and vital necessity to support trade and mutual economic relations, demanded from the peoples, carriers of these languages, a practical knowledge of languages of their neighbors. In this connection appeared the first tolmachi-translators. (Then a minor time jump of 5 centuries) "Frequent trips trips of Rus Princes to the Horde, dialogue with the representatives of the Horde brought to life the appearance of the first translators - tolmachej (Türkic. tyl, til language)" 1. (Not exactly, the Horde language was Mongolian, not Türkic, so the tolmachies were Türkic/Mongolian, not the Slav/Mongolian. Secondly, the Rus princes were Slavic-Türkic bilingual, because half of their family was Türko-Slav, and the other half Türkic. Moreover, the mom's father had a privilege of growing and teaching his grandsons, so the princes grew in the Türkic environment.)
During the Kyiv Rus time (from 10th-12th centuries), usually called in the literature a period of pre-Mongolo-Tatar invasion, the mutual relations of the Ruses with the Oguz and Kypchak (Russ. Polovetses) tribes especially enlivened. The remarkable monument of Rus literature "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" belongs to that time, it preserved many Kipchak words. (A daring equating at the time, Polovets = Kypchak. Everybody knows it, nobody dares to say it. Bravo to Dr. P. K.Kenesblev)
For the 12th-15tth centuries known in the history of Russia as a gloomy period of Mongolo-Tatar invasion, is typical a penetration of a of Türkic words into Russian. (Funny, the symbiotic co-existence of the Bulgar, Khazar, Bajanak, and Kypchak periods supposedly did not bring a multitude of borrowings, but a segregated and non-symbiotic relationship with the damned occupiers did. Go figure.)
1 Kononov A. N. History of study Türkic languages in Russia. Leningrad, 1972, p. 16.
The interosculation of Russian and Türkic lexicon especially increased during annexation to Russia of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Crimean Khanates. (Reference to mass defection to the Russian side of the Türkic nobles, their retinues, their subjects before and during the campaigns, and mass relocation of the Türkic population from the conquered territories. Middle Age human engineering with linguistic aftermath.)
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, with an establishment of equal rights relations between peoples of all Soviet Union, with the communion of the Türkic peoples with the Russian and international culture, due to the close contact of the peoples, carriers of the languages, with a special force developed interosculation and mutual lexical enrichment of the languages with different systems. As notes Yu.D.Desheriev, "the specific features of phonetic structures of different types of syllables and words, found in the borrowed lexicon, will integrate "organically" with the sound system of the majority of literary languages" 2. (In Yu.D.Desheriev's opinion, the more Russified his Nakh language is, the better.)
The researchers of the Russian lexicon noted in it loans from different languages: ancient Greek and Latin, Finno-Ugrian, Mongolian, Türkic, Iranian, West-European. A visible role in the enrichment of the Russian lexicon also play the Türkic languages. (In fact, in the last 300 years the proportion of Türkic lexem in Russian dropped probably in half, from, say, 30% to 15%, while the Russian opening to the west introduced massive borrowing first from Dutch, then from French, and then from German, then from international social lingo, and lastly from English, including on this page "link" and "posting".)
In the early scientific works of Türkologists and Slavists - researchers of Türkisms in Russian, usually were counted as Türkism the words of native Türkic origin. And the phonetic attribute for attribution of Türkisms was first of all considered synharmonism, i.e. the presence in the word of either only soft, or only hard syllables (for example, daraga, kerekmet, haralug), and also a change of a root vowel a/o, a(о)u (for example, boran/buran, saltan/sultan, koima/kaima, korsak/karsak, etc.).
N.K.Dmitriev counts all words borrowed by Russian from Türkic to be Türkisms, irrespective of their origin in the Türkic languages.
"Among the Türkisms naturally are distinguished, - writes N.K.Dmitriev, - the words actually Türkic and the words disguised.... All these moments are strictly discriminated in the Türkological studies. However in the studies in Türko-Slavica area such classification is considered to be excessive, because as all Türkisms of the Russian lexicon, whatever was their previous history, came to Russian by the nearest path from the Türkic languages". 3
2 Desheriev
Yu. D. Laws of development and interaction of languages in the Soviet society. Moscow,
"Science", 1966, p. 375.
3 Dmitriev N. K. Türkic elements of Russian lexicon. - In
"Lexicographic
collection", issue 3. Moscow, 1958, p. 5, 8, 11. See also
Arakin V. D. Türkic lexical elements in monuments of Russian language of the Mongolian period. - In
"Türkisms in eastern Slavic languages". Moscow, "Science", 1974, p. 112, 113.
Thus, the Mongolian, Iranian, Arabian and other words, representing material of religious, legal, household and other contents, that are included in the Russian mainly from the Türkic languages, are classified by modern researchers as Türkisms. The author of this Dictionary of Türkisms also follows this rule.
A significant difficulty represents a localization of Türkism loanwords in Russian , i.e. attribution of this or that word to a specific language. Because of typological affinity of Türkic languages, of the similarity of their traits, it is not always possible. Therefore the author presents the linguistic material qualifying this or that word as a Türkism, but not always dares to attribute it to a specific language, allowing that only then when the opinions of many researchers on a given question converge, or in case of obvious loan from a specific language.
Any lexical loan, irrespective from what sources it comes, is a testament of a live contact between differently structured languages. A factor of intralinguistical character is demonstrated by phonetics, grammar, and, especially frequently, in the lexicon and semantics of borrowing language.
E.N.Shipova, the author of the Dictionary of Türkisms, uses all possible and accessible to her sources, staring with the monuments of the old Rus literature, and the data recorded in the literature, and also the oral sources, including regional speech and informal language.
Thus, she registered a prevailing majority of the Türkic words present in the dialects of the Russian (mainly in the eastern Russian). And precisely the dialectal lexicon absorbed and preserved till our time the greatest quantity of Türkic words. (Classification of common Slavic words with Türkic correspondences would greatly increase the number of Türkisms, and may affect that ratio.)
The dictionary contains about two thousand Türkisms in Russian, of them only a small part are archaisms, a greater part belongs to the lexicon of the modern Russian. (What may have been true in the 1960es, when the majority of the country population lived in the countryside, may not apply today, when the majority lives in the cities, and have extremely limited floral and faunal lexicon. The selection of 520 "used" words purposely excluded this rich inheritance. The terms keep living, but only as a professional lexicon.)
Türkism loanwords which have not been described for some reasons in the lexicographic literature, and also the words earlier not attributed to Türkisms are included in the Dictionary of Türkisms, for example, "артачиться/artachitsya" to jib, "вада/vada" water, "влага/vlaga" moisture, "утельный/utelnyi" miniscule, "щи/shchi" vegetable soup, "ящик/yaschik" box and others. Pointed out inaccurate etymology of some words. On some Türkisms, with the etymology of which the author disagrees, she states her point of view, supporting it with concrete linguistic materials, in a number of cases using a hypothesis method. (If a recognition of "вада/vada" water, "влага/vlaga" moisture is conceded, as it should be, then a whole new class of Türkisms will have to be recognized, see юрок/yürok, with far-reaching consequences as to the timing and the source of this class of borrowings. That would be equivalent to a recognition that Slavs are Türkified Balts.)
Value of the offered Dictionary consist first of all that the author, being a lexicographer scientist, aimed not only to include all Türkisms, documented in dictionary sources and in the works of individual authors, but also to examine their etymology as far as possible.
It should be reminded that compiling a Dictionary of Türkisms was included into the research plans of the Türkism-Slavist and Türkologists scholars from the second half of the 19 century, and it was declared by a priority, but till now this work has not been carried out.
Academician of KazSSR Academy of Sciences P. K.KENESBLEV
AUTHOR's FOREWORD
Türkic loans preserved in Russian dialects and Russian folk speech are of a great interest for researcher. Some part of them requires etymological clarification.
Initially, the author intended to cover all categories in the Türkic layer of Russian lexicon from the materials of lexicographical sources as much as possible. However, in the process of work on the Dictionary, its framework considerably expanded with the use of new materials, including various works, collections, articles and separate statements dating from after the beginning of the 20th century. And now it can be classified as an etymological dictionary of Türkisms.
The Dictionary work used "Dictionary of alive Great Russian language" by V.I.Dalh; "Materials for
old Russian dictionary" by I.I.Sreznevsky; "Dictionary of Russian folk speach" edition of acad. F.P.Filin; all
academic dictionaries, including a 17-volume Encyclopedic dictionary of Russian literary language; Encyclopedic dictionary edition
of D.N.Ushakov, and earlier dictionaries of Russian (see Bibliography), and
also Etymological dictionaries of N.V.Goryaeva A.Preobrajensky, F.Mikloshich, M.Vasmer.
8
The sources to confirm Türkic etymology included "Probing of the dictionary of Türkic vernaculars" (Die Sprachen der nördlichen türkischen Stämme) by W.W.Radlov, and a bilingual Türko-Russian and Russo-Türkic dictionary.
The work used most widely N.K.Dmitriev's "Türkic elements of the Russian lexicon", and also the works of F.E.Korsh, P.M.Melioransky, W.W.Bartold, S.E.Malov, A.N.Kononov and others, articles and research written during different time by experts on Türkisms (N.A.Baskakov, V.D.Arakin, I.G.Dobrodomov, D.S.Setarov and others).
N.K.Dmitriev provides etymology for 363 words, in this Dictionary of Türkisms offered by us are about two thousand words. The selection of Türkisms was determined not only by encyclopedic and etymological dictionaries of Russian (Dmitriev used Ushakov dictionary), but first of all a regional and colloquial lexicon, which comprises not less then 60 % of the Dictionary.
A Dictionary entry is formed as follows.
The register words are listed in alphabetical order. For each word is given a grammatical characteristics, i.e. the gender, form (pl., sing.) for nouns; for the verbs, adjectives, adverbs, interjections is identified grammatical function (verb, adj., adv., interject.), then follow stylistic notations (old., obs., folk-poet., loc, etc.). In most cases they are explained, i.e. in brackets is identified a dialect, vernacular, distribution, meaning.
Then is cited etymology from the dictionaries where it is a given, and in some cases - a time information about Türkism encountered in Russian (Slavic, Rus, Russian) literature.
It should be noted that dictionaries not always meet the requirements of disclosing the etymology, therefore we used etymological works and various studies (including separate articles) of Türkisms. The statements of the author are supported with materials from of Radlov Dictionary. Incomplete information on Türkic languages of that dictionary is complemented with data from bilingual dictionaries.
The entry closes with a conclusion in a form of a statement of this or that researcher, or a remark by the author confirming the Türkic etymology of the examined word with a reference to the data from Türkic language dictionaries. In a number of cases the author gives his etymology, supporting it with Türkic linguistic material.
The Dictionary includs words examined as Türkisms for the first time, for example, "алап/alap"
wetlands, "алъник/alnik" decorative forehead band, "андарак/andarak"
underskirt, "артачиться/artachitsya" to jib, "влага/vlaga" moisture, "вада/vada"
water, "волглый/volglyi" moist, "гарман/garman" horse-driven mechanical
thrashing, "ёкаться/yokatsya" keep saying "No"," зажор/zajor" under snow water
puddle, "иловый/ilovyi" from oats, "шурга/shurga"
snowstorm, "щи/shchi" vegetable soup, "ящик/yaschik" box, and others, together with
also well-known in the literature words without Russian equivalents, but not included in the dictionaries of
the Russian language - "айтыс/aitys" sport or musical competition, "байга/baiga"
horserace, "джида/djida" a type of berry, "див/div" divine, "достакан/dostakan"
a type of drinking glass, "достархан/dostarkhan" serving of dessert sweets, "дутар/dutar"
two-string gitar, "курабъе/kurabie" a type of sugar pastry, "люля-кебаб/lulya-kebab", etc.
9
Examples of entries:
[Follow examples, not translated]
Абаев, 1973 - Абаев В. И. Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка. Т. 1. М.-Leningrad, 1958; Т. 2.
Leningrad, 1973.
Аз.-рус. сл., 1941 - Азербайджанско-русский словарь. Баку, 1941., Алексеев, 1773 - Алексеев. Церковный словарь, б. м., 1773.
Алексеев, 1776 - Алексеев. Дополнение к церковному словарю, б. м., 1776.
Бартольд, 1963-1971 - Бартольд В. В. Сочинения. Moscow, 1963-1971.
Башк.-рус. сл., 1958 - Башкирско-русский словарь. Moscow, 1958.
Бегалиев, 1942 - Бегалиев Г. Казахско-русский словарь. Алма-Ата, 1942.
Берг, 1949 - Берг Л. С. Рыбы пресных вод. Изд. 4-е. Т. 1-3. Moscow, 1949.
Березин, 1852 - Березин М. Словарь. Спб., 1852.
Берында, 1627 - Берьшда П. Лексикон. Киев, 1627.
Богораз, 1901 - Богораз Б. Областной словарь колымского русского наречия. Сборник ОРЯС. Т. 68, № 4.
Спб., 1901.
Богородицкий, 1935 - Богородицкий В. А. Общий курс русской грамматики. М.-Leningrad, 1935.
Богородицкий, 1953 - Богородицкий В. А. Введение в татарское языкознание в связи с другими
тюркскими языками. Изд. 2-е. Казань, 1953.
Боровков, 1963 - Боровков А. К. Лексика среднеазиатского тефсира 12-13 вв. Moscow, 1963.
БСЭ - Большая советская энциклопедия. Изд. 2-е. Т. 1-51. Moscow, 1950- 1959.
Будагов - Будагов Л. Сравнительный словарь турецко-татарских наречий. Т. 1, 1869; т. 2. Спб., 1876.
Булаховский, 1949 - Булаховский Л. А. Курс русского литературного языка. Изд. 4-е. Киев, 1949.
Булаховский, 1950 - Булаховский Л. А. Исторический комментарий к русскому литературному языку. Изд.
3-е. Киев, "Радяньека школа", 1950.
Булаховский, 1953 - Булаховский Л. А. Введение в языкознание. Ч. П.
Moscow, 1953. Варбот, 1963 - Варбот Ж. Ж. Славянское vad - приучать; привычка, приучение. - В кн.: Этимология.
Moscow, 1963, с. 213-216.
Вейсманн, 1731 - Вейсманн И. Немецко-латинский и русский лексикон. Спб., 1731.
11
Владимирцов, 1934 - Владимирцов Б. Я. Общественный строй монголов.
Leningrad, 1934.
Воробьев, 1930 - Воробьев Н. И. Материальная культура казанских татар. Казань, 1930.
Всерос. словотолк., 1893 - Всероссийский словотолкователь.Спб., 1893.
Галкина-Федорук, 1954 - Галкина-Федорук Е. М. Современный русский язык. Лексика. Moscow, 1954.
Гейм, 1799, 1801, 1802 - Гейм И. Новый российско-французско-немецкий словарь. Ч. 1-3. Moscow,
1799-1802.
Герд и др., 1963 - Герд А. С, Корнев А. И., Рускова М. П. Русские названия рыб. - В кн.: Очерки по
лексикологии и лексикографии, ЛГУ, 1963.
Гордлевский, 1961 - Гордлевский В. А. Что такое босый волк? Избранные сочинения. Т. 2. Moscow, 1961, с.
482-504.
Горяев, Доп. 1 - Горяев Н. В. Сравнительный этимологический словарь русского языка. Тифлис, 1869;
Дополнения и поправки. Тифлис, 1901.
Горяев, Доп. 2 - Горяев Н. В. Этимологические объяснения наиболее трудных и загадочных слов в
русском языке. К сравнительному этимологическому словарю русского языка. Новые дополнения и
поправки. Тифлис, 1905.
Даль - Даль В. И. Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка. Т. 1-4. Moscow, 1955.
Дмитриев, 1948 - Дмитриев Н. К. Тюркские элементы в русском языке. - "Труды Ин-та рус. языка АН
СССР", 1948, т. 1.
Дмитриев, 1958 - Дмитриев Н. К. О тюркских элементах русского словаря.- В кн.: Лексикографический
сборник. Вып. 3. Moscow, 1958.
Добродомов, 1966 - Добродомов И. Г. История лексики тюркского происхождения в древнерусском языке.
Moscow, 1966.
Добродомов, 1971 - Добродомов И. Г. Из истории восточноевропейских культурных терминов. - В кн.:
Вопросы рус. и чуваш, филологии. Вып. 1. Чебоксары, 1971.
Добродомов, 1972 - Добродомов И. Г. Мазар. - "Русская речь", 1972, № 2, с. 159-160.
Доп., 1852, 1858 - Дополнения к Опыту областного словаря Академии
наук. Спб., 1852, 1858. Дювернуа, 1894 - Дювернуа А. Материалы для словаря древнерусского языка.
Moscow, 1894.
Егоров, 1964 •- Егоров В. Г. Этимологический словарь чувашского языка. Чебоксары, 1964.
ЖСт - Живая старина (периодическое издание Отделения этнографии Русского географического общества).
Т. 1-25. Спб., 1887-1920.
Жубанов, 1966 - Жубанов X. Исследования по казахскому языку. Алма-Ата, 1966.
12
Зеленин, 1906 - Зеленин Д. К. О говоре оренбургских казаков.- РФВ, 1906, т. 56, № 3-4.
Зеленин, 1929-1930 - Зеленин Д. К. Табу слов у народов Восточной Европы и Северной Азии. Ч. 1-2. - В кн.: Сборник Музея антропологии и этнографии. Т. 8-9. Leningrad, 1929-1930.
ИОРЯС - Известия Отделения русского языка и словесности Академии наук. Спб., 1896-1927.
Ист. разв. леке. тюрк. яз., 1961 - Историческое развитие лексики тюркских языков. Moscow, Изд-во АН СССР, 1961.
Цаз. т1л. диал. еез, 1969 - Цазак, тшнщ диалектологияльщ евздш. Алматы, 1969.
Каз.-рус. сл., 1954 - Махмудов X., Мусабаев Г. Казахско-русский словарь. Алма-Ата, 1954.
Кк.-рус. сл., 1958 - Каракалпакско-русский словарь. Moscow, 1958.
Кенесбаев, 1965 - Кенесбаев С. К. Прогрессивное влияние русского языка на казахский. Алма-Ата, 1965.
Колесников, 1962-Колесников Н. П. К этимологии слова "карандаш".- В кн.: Лексикографический сборник. Вып. 5. Moscow, 1962.
Коми-рус, сл., 1961 - Коми-русский словарь. Moscow, 1961.
Кононов, 1958 - Кононов А. Н. Родословная туркмен. М.-Leningrad, 1958.
Кононов, 1966 - Кононов А. Н. Заметки (I) тюрколога на полях "Словаря русских народных говоров". - "Известия АН СССР", 1966, т. 25, вып. 3.
Кононов, 1969 - Кононов А. Н. Заметки (II) тюрколога на полях "Словаря русских народных говоров". - "Известия АН СССР", 1969, т. 28, вып. 6.
Кононов, 1972 - Кононов А. Н. История изучения тюркских языков в России. Leningrad, 1972.
Кононов, 1972а - Кононов А. Н. От чайки до шайки.-"Русская речь", 1972, № 2, с. 153, 154.
Корш, 1903 - Корш Ф. Е. Турецкие элементы в языке "Слова о полку Игореве". - ИОРЯС, 1903, т. 8, кн. 4.
Корш, 1904 - Корш Ф. Е. О некоторых славянских словах иноязычного происхождения. - Сб. статей по славянознанию. Харьков, 1904.
Корш, 1906 - Корш Ф. Е. По поводу второй статьи проф. Мелиоранско-го о турецких элементах в языке "Слова о полку Игореве". - ИОРЯС, 1906, т. 11, кн. 1.
Корш, 1909 - Корш Ф. Е. Слово "балдак" и долгота гласных в турецких языках. - ЖСт, вып. 1-3. Спб., 1909, с. 156-161.
Корш, 1909а - Корш Ф. Е. "Слово о полку Игореве". - В кн.: Исследования по русскому языку. Т. 2, No 6. Спб., 1909.
Кызласов, 1966 - Кызласов Л. Р. О значении термина "балбал" древне-тюркских надписей. - В кн.: Тюркологический сборник к 60-летию А. Н. Кононову. Moscow, 1966, с. 207.
Ларин, 1963 - Ларин Б. А. Об архаике в семантической структуре слова.- В кн.: Очерки по лексикологии и лексикографии. ЛГУ, 1963.
13
Леке., 1762 - Лексикон российский и французский, в котором находятся почти все
слова российского алфавита. Ч. 1-2. Спб., 1762.
Магазаник, 1945 - Магазаник Д. А. Турецко-русский словарь. Изд. 2-е. Moscow, 1945.
Малов, 1946 - Малов С. Е. Тюркизмы в языке "Слова о полку Игореве". - "Известия АН СССР. Отд. лит.
и яз.", 1946, т. 5, вып. 3. Махмутов, 1963 - Махмутов А. Архаизмы в казахском языке (с приложением
словаря). Дис. на соиск. учен, степени канд. филол. наук. Алма-Ата, 1963 (на каз. яз.). Мейер, 1876
- Мейер Г. И. Заметка о чужих словах в русском языке. -
"Филологические записки", 1876, вып. 5. Мелиоранский, 1902 - Мелиоранский П. М. Турецкие элементы в языке
"Слова о полку Игореве". - ИОРЯС, 1902, т. 7, кн. 2. Мелиоранский, 1905а - Мелиоранский П. М.
Вторая статья о турецких элементах в языке "Слова о полку Игореве" (ответ Коршу). - ИОРЯС, 1905, т. 10, кн. 2.
Мелиоранский, 19056 - Мелиоранский П. М. Заимствованные восточные слова в памятниках русской
письменности до монгольского време ни. - ИОРЯС, 1905, т. 10, кн. 4.
Миллер, 1872 - Миллер Б. Ф. Экскурсы в область русского народного эпоса. Спб., 1872.
Миртов, 1941 - Миртов А. В. Лексические заимствования в современном русском языке из национальных
языков Средней Азии. Ташкент-Самарканд, 1941.
Младенов, 1941 - Младенов С. Етимологически и правописен речник на българския книжовен език. София, 1941.
Монг.-рус. сл., 1957 - Монгольско-русский словарь. Moscow, 1957.
Мукминова, 1969 - Мукминова Р. Г.
Несколько слов о терминах чтамгаь и кбадж". - "Общественные науки в Узбекистане", 1969, № 11.
Михельсон, 1866 - Михельсон А. Д. Словарь. Moscow, 1866.
Мусабаев, 1959 - Мусабаев Г. Г. Современный казахский язык. Т. 1. Лексика. Алма-Ата, 1959.
Немет, 1963 - Немет Ю. Специальные вопросы тюркского языкознания в Венгрии. - "Вопросы языкознания", 1963, № 6.
Немет, 1966 - Немет Ю. Происхождение русского слова
"карандаш". - Тюркологический сборник к 60-летию А. Н. Кононова. Moscow, 1966.
Нов. Энц. Сл. - Новый энциклопедический словарь. Изд. Ф. Брокгауз и И. Ефрон. Т. 1-29. Спб., 1908 и сл.
Нордстет, 1780, 1782 - Нордстет И. Российский с немецким и французским переводом словарь,
сочиненный Иваном Нордстетом. Ч. I-Ш. Спб., 1780-1782.
Огиенко, 1915 - Огиенко И. И. Иноземные элементы в русском языке. Киев, 1915.
14
Одинцов, 1972 - Одинцов Г. Ф. Еще раз к этимологии слова "лошадь".- В кн.: Этимология. Moscow, 1972.
Одинцов, 1972а - Одинцов Г. Ф. Аргамак. - "Русская речь", 1972, № 2, с. 156-158.
Опыт, 1852 - Опыт областного словаря Академии наук. Спб., 1852.
Откупщиков, 1963 - Откупщиков Ю. В. Об этимологии русских слов. Тюркское ли заимствование слово "штаны"? - В кн.: Этимологические исследования по русскому языку. Moscow, МГУ, 1963, вып. 4, с. 103-110.
Петров, 1965 - Петров П. И. К вопросу о термине "кабала". - "Народы Азии и Африки", 1965, № 1.
Письма и бумаги императора Петра Великого. Т. 1-9. Спб., 1887- 1952.
Поликарпов, 1704 - Поликарпов Ф. Лексикон треязычный, сиречь речений славянских, еллиногреческих и латинских сокровище. Moscow, 1704.
Попов, 1972 - Попов А. И. П. М. Мелиоранский и изучение тюркизмов в русском языке. - В кн.: Тюркологический сборник. Moscow, 1972.
Преображенский, 1949 - Преображенский А. Этимологический словарь, русского языка. Вып. 1-14. Спб., 1910-1918. Выпуск последний (тело - ящур). - "Труды Ин-та рус. языка АН СССР", 1949, т. 1.
Радлов - Радлов В. В. Опыт словаря тюркских наречий. Т. 1-4. Спб., 1893-1911.
Cod. Cum. - Радлов В. В. Кодекс комманикус. Спб., 1877.
Рос. родосл., 1857 - Российская родословная книга. Ч. 4. Спб., 1857. Рос. Цел., 1771 - Российский Целлариус, или этимологический российский лексикон, изданный Ф. Гелтергофом. Moscow, 1771.
Рус.-аз. сл., 1951 - Русско-азербайджанский словарь. Moscow, 1951. Рус.-башк. сл., 1964 - Русско-башкирский словарь. Moscow, 1964. Рус.-кабард. сл., 1955 - Русско-кабардино-черкесский словарь. Moscow, 1955. Рус.-каз. сл., 1954 - Русско-казахский словарь. Moscow, 1954. Рус.-калм. сл., 1963 - Русско-калмыцкий словарь. Элиста, 1963. Рус.-кк. сл., 1962 - Русско-каракалпакскжй словарь. Moscow, 1962. Рус.-кирг. сл., 1957 - Русско-киргизский словарь. Moscow, 1957. Рус.-кум. сл., 1960 - Русско-кумыкский словарь. Moscow, 1960. Рус.-ног. сл., 1956 - Русско-ногайский словарь. Moscow, 1956. Рус.-тат. сл., 1955-1959 - Русско-татарский словарь. Т. 1-4. Казань, 1955-1959.
Руе.-тув. сл., 1954 - Русско-тувинский словарь. Moscow, 1954.
Рус.-туркм. сл., 1956 - Русско-туркменский словарь. Moscow, 1956.
Рус.-узб. сл., 1954 - Русско-узбекский словарь. Ташкент, 1954.
Рус.-чув. сл., 1951 - Русско-чувашский словарь. Moscow, 1951.
РФВ - Русский филологический вестник. Т. 1-78, 1879-1918.
15
Сетаров, 1970 - Сетаров Д. С. Тюркизмы в русских названиях грызунов. - В кн.: Вопросы теории и методики
русского языка и литературы. Вып. 20. Самарканд - Карши, 1970.
Сетаров, 1970а - Сетаров Д. С. Тюркизмы в русских названиях птиц. - "Советская тюркология", 1970, № 2.
Сетаров, 19706 - Сетаров Д. С. Тюркизмы в русских названиях рыб. - В кн.: Вопросы теории и методики
русского языка и литературы. Вып. 20. Самарканд-Карши, 1970.
Сетаров, 1971 - Сетаров Д. С. Тюркизмы в русских названиях животного мира. Автореф. на соиск. учен,
степени канд. филол. наук. Алма-Ата, 1971.
Сл. Акад., 1789-1794 - Словарь Академии Российской. В 6 ч. Спб., 1789-1794.
С л. Акад., 1806-1822 - Словарь Академии Российской по азбучному порядку расположенный. В 6 ч. Спб., 1806-1822.
Сл. Акад., 1847 - Словарь церковно-славянского и русского языка, составленный Вторым отделением
Академии наук. В 4 т. Спб., 1847.
Сл. ин. слов - Словарь иностранных слов. Moscow, 1937, 1942, 1949, 1964.
СРНГ - Словарь русских народных говоров. Под ред. Ф. П. Филина. Вып. 1-10. Moscow, 1965-1974.
Сл. Акад., 1950-1965 - Словарь современного русского литературного языка Академии наук СССР. Т.
1-17. М.-Leningrad, 1950-1965.
Смирнов, 1912 - Смирнов В. Д. К объяснению значения слова "кандалы". - ЗВОРАО. Спб., 1912, т. 21, вып. 1.
Соболевский, 1891 - Соболевский А. И. Русские заимствованные слова. Спб., 1891.
Соболевский, 1904 - Соболевский А. И. Из истории заимствованных слов и переводных повестей. -
"Университетские известия". Киев, 1904.
Соболевский, 1907 - Соболевский А. И. Лекции по истории русского язы ка. Изд. 3-е. Moscow, 1903; Изд. 4-е, 1907.
Соколов, 1834 - Соколов П. Общий церковно-елавяно-русский словарь, или собрание речений. Ч. 1-2. Спб., 1834.
Срезневский -- Срезневский И. И. Материалы для словаря древнерусского языка. Т. 1-3. Спб.,
1893-1912.
Тат.-рус. сл., 1950 - Татарско-русский словарь. Казань, 1950.
Татищев, 1793 - Татищев В. Н. Лексикон российский, исторический, географический, политический и гражданский. Ч. 1-3. Спб., 1793.
Тихонов, 1965 - Тихонов Д. И. Значение терминов "тутук" и "кадаш".- "Народы Азии и Африки", 1965, № 5.
Толль, 1863 - Толль Ф. Настольный словарь для справок по всем отраслям знания. Спб., 1863, 1864.
Трубачев, 1959 - Трубачев О. Н. История славянских терминов родства и некоторых древдшйпшх терминов общественного строя. Moscow,
1959.
Трубачев, 1960 - Трубачев О. Н. Происхождение названий домашних животных в славянских языках. - "Вопросы языкознания", 1960, 3.
16
Туркм.-рус. сл., 1968 - Туркменско-русский словарь. Moscow, 1968.
Узб.-рус. сл., 1959 - Узбекеко-русский словарь. Moscow, 1959.
Урду-руе. сл., 1951 - Урду-русский словарь. Moscow, 1951.
Ушаков - Ушаков Д. Н. Толковый словарь русского языка. Под ред. Д. Н. Ушакова. Т. 1-4. М.-Leningrad, 1935-1940.
Фасмер - Фасмер М. Этимологический словарь русского
языка. Т. 1- 4. Moscow, 1964-1973.
Филин, 1949 - Филин Ф. П. Лексика русского литературного языка древнекиевской эпохи. Leningrad, 1949.
Филин, 1962 - Филин Ф. П. Образование языка восточных славян. М.- Leningrad, 1962.
Хак.-рус. сл., 1953 - Хакасско-русский словарь. Moscow, 1953.
Чув.-рус. сл., 1961 - Чувашско-русский словарь. Moscow, 1961.
Шакирова, 1964 - Шакирова Н. М. О некоторых тюркских заимствованиях в русском языке. - В кн.:
Научные труды. Вып. 268. Языкознание и литература. Ташкент, 1964.
Шанский, 1Б - Шанский Н. М. Этимологический словарь русского языка. Moscow, 1965.
Шанский, 1971 -Шанский Н. Moscow, Иванов В. В.,
Шанская Т. В. Краткий этимологический словарь. Moscow,
1971.
Шёгрен, 1854 - Шёгрен А. М. Материалы для сравнения областных великорусских слов со словами языков
северных и восточных. (Материалы для сравнит, словаря). Спб., 1854.
Щербак, 1961-Щербак А. М. Названия домашних и диких животных.- В кн.: Историческое развитие лексики
тюркских языков. Moscow, 1961.
Энц. леке., 1835 - Энциклопедический лексикон. Т. 1-17. Спб., 1835- 1841.
Энц. сл. Березина - Русский энциклопедический словаьр. Изд. М.. Березина, т. 1-16. Спб., 1873-1879.
Энц. сл. Брокг.-Ефр. - Энциклопедический словарь. Т. 1-41 и дополн. том. Изд. Брокгауз и Ефрон.
Спб., 1890-1907.
Юдахин, 1965 - Юдахин К. К. Киргизско-русский словарь. Moscow, 1965.
Якубинский, 1953 - Якубинский Л. П. История древнерусского языка. Moscow, 1953.
Яновский, 1803 - Яновский Н. Новый еловотолкователь, расположенный по алфавиту. Ч. 1-3. Спб.,
1803, 1804, 1806.
Abaev, 1973 - Abaev V.I. Istoriko-etimologichesky the dictionary of Ossetic language. vol. 1. M. - L., 1958; vol. 2. Leningrad, 1973.
Az.-rus. sl., 1941 - the Azerbajdzhansko-Russian dictionary. Baku, 1941., Alexeys, 1773 - Alexeys. The church dictionary. M., 1773.
Alexeys, 1776 - Alexeys. Addition to the church dictionary. M., 1776.
Bartold, 1963-1971 - Bartold V.V.Sochinenija. Moscow, 1963-1971.
Bashk.-rus. sl., 1958 - the Bashkirsko-Russian dictionary. Moscow, 1958.
Begaliev, 1942 - Begaliev G.Kazahsko-Russky the dictionary. Alma-Ata, 1942.
Berg, 1949 - Berg L.S.Ryby of fresh{stale} waters. Izd. 4. vol. 1-3. Moscow, 1949.
Berezin, 1852 - Berezin M.Slovar. SPb., 1852.
Berynda, 1627 - Bershda P.Leksikon. Kiev, 1627.
Bogoraz, 1901 - Bogoraz B.Oblastnoj the dictionary of the Kolyma Russian adverb. Collection ORJAS. vol. 68, № 4. SPb., 1901.
Bogoroditsky, 1935 - Bogoroditsky V.A.Obshchy a rate of Russian grammar. M. - L., 1935.
Bogoroditsky, 1953 - Bogoroditsky V.A.Vvedenie in the Tatar linguistics in connection with other Türkic languages. Izd. 2. Kazan, 1953.
Borovkov, 1963 - Borovkov A.K.Leksika Central Asian tefsira 12-13 centuries. Moscow, 1963.
BSE - the Big Soviet encyclopedia. Izd. 2. vol. 1-51. Moscow, 1950-1959.
Budagov - Budagov L.Sravnitelnyj the dictionary of the turetsko-Tatar adverbs. vol. 1, 1869; t. 2. SPb., 1876.
Bulahovsky, 1949 - Bulahovsky L.A.Kurs of Russian literary language. Izd. 4. Kiev, 1949.
Bulahovsky, 1950 - Bulahovsky L.A.Istorichesky the comment to Russian literary language. Izd. 3. Kiev, "Radjanjeka school", 1950.
Bulahovsky, 1953 - Bulahovsky L.A.Vvedenie in linguistics. CH. Item.
M., 1953. Varbot, 1963 - Varbot Z.Z.Slavjanskoe vad - to accustom; a habit, schooling. - In Book: Ethymology. Moscow, 1963, p. 213-216.
Vejsmann, 1731 - Vejsmann I.Nemetsko-latinsky and Russian lexicon. SPb., 1731.
11
Vladimirtsov, 1934 - Vladimirtsov B.J.Obshchestvennyj stroj of Mongols. Leningrad, 1934.
Sparrows, 1930 - N.I.Materialnaja's Sparrows culture Kazan Tatars. Kazan, 1930.
Vseros. slovotolk., 1893 - All-Russia slovotolkovatel. SPb., 1893.
Galkin - Fedoruk, 1954 - Galkin - Fedoruk E.M.Sovremennyj Russian. Lexicon. Moscow, 1954.
Game, 1799, 1801, 1802 - I.Novyj's Game Russian - frantsuzsko-nemetsky the dictionary. CH. 1-3. Moscow, 1799-1802.
Gerd, etc., 1963 - Gerd And. With, Kornev A.I., Ruskova M.P.Russkie of the name of fishes. - In Book: Sketches on leksikologii and lexicographies, I LIE, 1963.
Gordlevsky, 1961 - Gordlevsky V.A.Chto such bosyj the wolf? The elected compositions. vol. 2. Moscow, 1961, p. 482-504.
Gorjaev, Dop. 1 - Gorjaev N.V.Sravnitelnyj the etymological dictionary of Russian. Tiflis, 1869; Additions and amendments. Tiflis, 1901.
Gorjaev, Dop. 2 - Gorjaev N.V.Etimologicheskie of an explanation of the most difficult and mysterious words in Russian. To the comparative etymological dictionary of Russian. New additions and amendments. Tiflis, 1905.
Distance - V.I.Tolkovyj slovar's Distance of alive great Russian language. vol. 1-4. Moscow, 1955.
Dmitriev, 1948 - Dmitriev N.K.Tjurkskie elements in Russian. - "Works In-that rus. Language ACADEMY OF SCIENCES the USSR", 1948, t. 1.
Dmitriev, 1958 - Dmitriev N. To. About Türkic elements of Russian slovarja.-In Book: the Lexicographic collection. Issue 3. Moscow, 1958.
Dobrodomov, 1966 - Dobrodomov I.G.Istorija of lexicon of a Türkic origin in old Russian language. Moscow, 1966.
Dobrodomov, 1971 - Dobrodomov I.G.Iz of a history eastern evropejskih cultural terms. - In Book: Questions rus. And the Chuvash, philologies. Issue 1. Cheboksary, 1971.
Dobrodomov, 1972 - Dobrodomov I.G.Mazar. - "Russian speech", 1972, № 2, p. 159-160.
Dop., 1852, 1858 - Additions to Experience of the regional dictionary of Academy
Sciences. SPb., 1852, 1858. Djuvernua, 1894 - Djuvernua A.Materialy for the dictionary of old Russian language. Moscow, 1894.
Egors, 1964 • - Egors V.G.Etimologichesky the dictionary of the Chuvash language. Cheboksary, 1964.
ZHSt - Alive olden time (the periodical of Branch of ethnography of Russian geographical society). vol. 1-25. SPb., 1887-1920.
ZHubanov, 1966 - ZHubanov X. Researches on the Kazakh language. Alma-Ata, 1966.
12
ZVORAO - the Note of East Branch of Russian archeological Society. vol. 1-25. SPb., 1887-1920.
Zelenin, 1906 - Zelenin D. To. About a dialect Orenburg kazakov.-RFV, 1906, t. 56, № 3-4.
Zelenin, 1929-1930 - Zelenin D.K.Tabu of words at peoples of the East Europe and Northern Asia. CH. 1-2. - In Book: the Collection of the Museum of anthropology and ethnography. vol. 8-9. Leningrad, 1929-1930.
IORJAS - News of Branch of Russian and literature of the Academy of sciences. SPb., 1896-1927.
Ist. razv. leke. The Türkic. A language, 1961 - Historical development of lexicon of Türkic languages. Moscow, Publishing house ACADEMY OF SCIENCES the USSR, 1961.
TSaz. т1л. dial. eez, 1969 - TSazak, tshnshch dialektologijalshch evzdsh. Almaty, 1969.
Kaz.-rus. sl., 1954 - Mahmudov X., Musabaev G.Kazahsko-Russky the dictionary. Alma-Ata, 1954.
Kk.-rus. sl., 1958 - the Karakalpaksko-Russian dictionary. Moscow, 1958.
Kenesbaev, 1965 - Kenesbaev S.K.Progressivnoe influence of Russian on Kazakh. Alma-Ata, 1965.
Kolesnikov, 1962-Колесников N. Item. To etymology of a word "pencil".-In Book: the Lexicographic collection. Issue 5. Moscow, 1962.
Komi - rus, sl., 1961 - the Komi - Russian dictionary. Moscow, 1961.
Kononov, 1958 - Kononov A. N. A family tree the Türkmen. M. - L., 1958.
Kononov, 1966 - Kononov A. N. Notes (I) Türkologist on fields of " the Dictionary of Russian national dialects". - "News ACADEMY OF SCIENCES the USSR", 1966, t. 25, issue 3.
Kononov, 1969 - Kononov A. N. Notes (II) Türkologist on fields of " the Dictionary of Russian national dialects". - "News ACADEMY OF SCIENCES the USSR", 1969, t. 28, issue 6.
Kononov, 1972 - Kononov A. N. A history of studying of Türkic languages in Russia. Leningrad, 1972.
Kononov, 1972а - Kononov A. N. From the seagull up to shajki.-"Russian speech", 1972, № 2, p. 153, 154.
Korsh, 1903 - Korsh F. E. Türkish elements in language "Words about shelf Igoreve". - IORJAS, 1903, t. 8, Book 4.
Korsh, 1904 - Korsh F. E. About some slavic words of a speaking another language origin. - Coll. articles on slavjanoznaniju. Kharkov, 1904.
Korsh, 1906 - Korsh F. E. Concerning the second article prof. Melioransko-go about turkish elements in language "Words about shelf Igoreve". - IORJAS, 1906, t. 11, Book 1.
Korsh, 1909 - Korsh F. E. A word "baldak" and a longitude of vowels in turkish languages. - ZHSt, issue 1-3. SPb., 1909, p. 156-161.
Korsh, 1909а - Korsh F.E. "the Word about shelf Igoreve". - In Book: Researches on Russian. vol. 2, № 6. SPb., 1909.
Kyzlasov, 1966 - Kyzlasov L. R. About value of the term "balbal" Ancient Türkic inscriptions. - In Book: Tjurkologichesky the collection to A.N.Kononovu's 60-anniversary. Moscow, 1966, p. 207.
Larin, 1963 - Larin B.A.Ob arhaike in semantic structure slova.-In Book: Sketches on leksikologii and lexicographies. I LIE, 1963.
13
Leke., 1762 - the Lexicon Russian and French in which there are almost all words of the Russian alphabet. CH. 1-2. SPb., 1762.
Magazanik, 1945 - Magazanik D.A.Turetsko-Russky the dictionary. Izd. 2. Moscow, 1945.
Malov, 1946 - Malov S.E.Tjurkizmy in language "Words about shelf Igoreve". - "News ACADEMY OF SCIENCES the USSR. Otd. Lit. And a language", 1946, t. 5, issue 3. Mahmutov, 1963 - Mahmutov A.Arhaizmy in the Kazakh language (with the appendix of the dictionary). Dis. On soisk. uchen, degrees kand. filol. Sciences. Alma-Ata, 1963 (on kaz. A language). Meyer, 1876 - Meyer G.I.Zametka about another's words in Russian.-
"Philological a note", 1876, issue 5. Melioransky, 1902 - Melioransky P.M.Turetskie elements in language
"Words about shelf Igoreve". - IORJAS, 1902, t. 7, Book 2. Melioransky, 1905а - Melioransky P.M. Vtoraja article about turkish elements in language "Words about shelf Igoreve" (answer Korshu). - IORJAS, 1905, t. 10, Book 2.
Melioransky, 19056 - Melioransky Item. M. Borrowed east words in monuments of Russian writing up to Mongolian vreme. - IORJAS, 1905, t. 10, Book 4.
Miller, 1872 - Miller B.F.Ekskursy in area of the Russian national epos. SPb., 1872.
Mirtov, 1941 - Mirtov A.V.Leksicheskie of loan in modern Russian from national languages of Central Asia. Tashkent - Samarkand, 1941.
Mladenov, 1941 - Mladenov S. Etimologicheski and pravopisen rechnik on blgarskija knizhoven ezik. Sofia, 1941.
Mong.-rus. sl., 1957 - the Mongolsko-Russian dictionary. Moscow, 1957.
Mukminova, 1969 - Mukminova R.G.Neskolko of words about terms chtamga and kbadzh". - "Social studies in Uzbekistan", 1969, № 11.
Mihelson, 1866 - Mihelson A. D. The dictionary. Moscow, 1866.
Musabaev, 1959 - Musabaev G.G.Sovremennyj the Kazakh language. vol. 1. Lexicon. Alma-Ata, 1959.
Nemet, 1963 - Nemet J.Spetsialnye questions of Türkic linguistics in Hungary. - "Questions of linguistics", 1963, № 6.
Nemet, 1966 - Nemet J.Proishozhdenie of Russian word "pencil". - Tjurkologichesky the collection to A.N.Kononova's 60-anniversary. Moscow, 1966.
It is new. Ents. Sl. - the New encyclopaedic dictionary. Izd. F.Brockhaus and I.Efron. vol. 1-29. SPb., 1908 and sl.
Nordstet, 1780, 1782 - Nordstet I.Rossijsky with German and the French translation the dictionary composed by Ivan Nordstetom. Ч. I-ÿ. SPb., 1780-1782.
Ogienko, 1915 - Ogienko I.I.Inozemnye elements in Russian. Kiev, 1915.
14
Odintsov, 1971 - Odintsov G.F.Dva nogajskih loans in modern Russian. - In Book: Ethymology. Moscow, 1971.
Odintsov, 1972 - Odintsov G.F.Eshche raz to etymology of a word "horse".-In Book: Ethymology. Moscow, 1972.
Odintsov, 1972а - Odintsov G.F.Argamak. - "Russian speech", 1972, № 2, p. 156-158.
Experience, 1852 - Experience of the regional dictionary of the Academy of sciences. SPb., 1852.
Otkupshchikov, 1963 - Otkupshchikov J.V.Ob of etymology of Russian words. Whether Türkic loan a word "trousers"? - In Book: Etymological researches on Russian. Moscow, the Moscow State University, 1963, issue 4, p. 103-110.
Petrov, 1965 - Petrov Item. And. To a question on the term "servitude". - "Peoples of Asia and Africa", 1965, № 1.
Letters and papers of emperor Peter the Great. vol. 1-9. SPb., 1887-1952.
Polikarpov, 1704 - Polikarpov F.Leksikon trejazychnyj, sirech recheny slavic, ellinogrecheskih and latin treasure. Moscow, 1704.
Priests, 1972 - Priests And. And. P.M.Melioransky and studying of Türkisms in Russian. - In Book: Tjurkologichesky the collection. Moscow, 1972.
Preobrazhenskiy, 1949 - Preobrazhenskiy A.Etimologichesky the dictionary, Russian. Issue 1-14. SPb., 1910-1918. Release last (a body - jashchur). - "Works In-that rus. Language ACADEMY OF SCIENCES the USSR", 1949, t. 1.
Radlov - Radlov V.V.Opyt of the dictionary of Türkic adverbs. vol. 1-4. SPb., 1893-1911.
Cod. Cum. - Radlov V.V.Kodeks kommanikus. SPb., 1877.
Dews. rodosl., 1857 - the Russian genealogical book. CH. 4. SPb., 1857. Dews. It is whole., 1771 - Russian TSellarius, or the etymological Russian lexicon issued by F.Geltergofom. Moscow, 1771.
The Rus.-As. sl., 1951 - the Russko-Azerbaijan dictionary. Moscow, 1951. Rus.-bashk. sl., 1964 - the Russko-Bashkir dictionary. Moscow, 1964. Rus.-kabard. sl., 1955 - Russko-kabardino-cherkessky the dictionary. Moscow, 1955. Rus.-kaz. sl., 1954 - the Russko-Kazakh dictionary. Moscow, 1954. Rus.-kalm. sl., 1963 - the Russko-Kalmyk dictionary. Elista, 1963. Rus.-kk. sl., 1962 - Russko-karakalpakskzhj the dictionary. Moscow, 1962. Rus.-kirg. sl., 1957 - the Russko-Kirghiz dictionary. Moscow, 1957. Rus.-kum. sl., 1960 - Russko-kumyksky the dictionary. Moscow, 1960. Rus.-legs. sl., 1956 - Russko-nogajsky the dictionary. Moscow, 1956. The Rus.-Tat. sl., 1955-1959 - the Russko-Tatar dictionary. vol. 1-4. Kazan, 1955-1959.
Rue.-tuv. sl., 1954 - the Russko-Tuva dictionary. Moscow, 1954.
Rus.-turkm. sl., 1956 - the Russko-Türkmen dictionary. Moscow, 1956.
Rus.-uzb. sl., 1954 - the Russko-Uzbek dictionary. Tashkent, 1954.
Rus.-chuv. sl., 1951 - the Russko-Chuvash dictionary. Moscow, 1951.
RFV - the Russian philological bulletin. vol. 1-78, 1879-1918.
15
Setarov, 1970 - Setarov D.S.Tjurkizmy in Russian names of rodents. - In Book: Questions of the theory and a technique of Russian and the literature. Issue 20. Samarkand - Karshi, 1970.
Setarov, 1970а - Setarov D.S.Tjurkizmy in Russian names of birds. - "the Soviet Türkology", 1970, № 2.
Setarov, 19706 - Setarov D.S.Tjurkizmy in Russian names of fishes. - In Book: Questions of the theory and a technique of Russian and the literature. Issue 20. Samarkand - Karshi, 1970.
Setarov, 1971 - Setarov D.S.Tjurkizmy in Russian names of fauna. Avtoref. On soisk. uchen, degrees kand. filol. Sciences. Alma-Ata, 1971.
Sl. Akad., 1789-1794 - the Dictionary of Academy Russian. In 6 ch. SPb., 1789-1794.
With l. Akad., 1806-1822 - the Dictionary of Academy Russian under the alphabetical order located. In 6 ch. SPb., 1806-1822.
Sl. Akad., 1847 - the Dictionary Church Slavonic and Russian, made by the Second branch of the Academy of sciences. In 4 t. SPb., 1847.
Sl. in. Words - the Dictionary of foreign words. Moscow, 1937, 1942, 1949, 1964.
SRNG - the Dictionary of Russian national dialects. Under red. F.P.Filina. Issue 1-10. Moscow, 1965-1974.
Sl. Akad., 1950-1965 - the Dictionary of a modern Russian literary language of the Academy of sciences of the USSR. vol. 1-17. M. - L., 1950-1965.
Smirnov, 1912 - Smirnov V. D. To an explanation of a word meaning "shackles". - ZVORAO. SPb., 1912, t. 21, issue 1.
Sobolevsky, 1891 - Sobolevsky A.I.Russkie loan words. SPb., 1891.
Sobolevsky, 1904 - Sobolevsky A.I.Iz of a history of loan words and translation stories. - "University news". Kiev, 1904.
Sobolevsky, 1907 - Sobolevsky A.I.Lektsii on a history of Russian jazy ka. Izd. 3. Moscow, 1903; Izd. 4, 1907.
Falcons, 1834 - P.Obshchy's Falcons tserkovno-elavjano-Russky the dictionary, or assembly recheny. CH. 1-2. SPb., 1834.
Sreznevsky - Sreznevsky I.I.Materialy for the dictionary of old Russian language. vol. 1-3. SPb., 1893-1912.
Tat.-rus. sl., 1950 - the Tatarsko-Russian dictionary. Kazan, 1950.
Tatischev, 1793 - Tatischev V.N.Leksikon Russian, historical, geographical, political and civil. CH. 1-3. SPb., 1793.
Tihonov, 1965 - Tihonov D.I.Znachenie of terms "tutuk" and "kadash".-"Peoples of Asia and Africa", 1965, № 5.
Toll, 1863 - Toll F.Nastolnyj the dictionary for an information on all branches of knowledge. SPb., 1863, 1864.
Trubachev, 1959 - Trubachev O. N. A history of slavic terms of relationship and the some people drevdshjpshh terms of a social order. Moscow, 1959.
Trubachev, 1960 - Trubachev O. N. An origin of names of pets in slavic languages. - "Questions of linguistics", 1960, 3.
16
Türkm.-rus. sl., 1968 - the Türkmensko-Russian dictionary. Moscow, 1968.
Uzb.-rus. sl., 1959 - the Uzbekeko-Russian dictionary. Moscow, 1959.
Urdu-rue. sl., 1951 - the Urdu-Russian dictionary. Moscow, 1951.
Ushakov - Ushakov D.N.Tolkovyj slovar of Russian. Under red. D.N.Ushakov. vol. 1-4. M. - L., 1935-1940.
The Vasmer - Vasmer M.Etimologichesky the dictionary of Russian. vol. 1-4. Moscow, 1964-1973.
Eagle owl, 1949 - F.P.Leksika's Eagle owl of Russian literary language drevnekievskoj epoch. Leningrad, 1949.
Eagle owl, 1962 - F.P.Obrazovanie's Eagle owl of language of east slavs. M. Leningrad, 1962.
Hak.-rus. sl., 1953 - the Hakassko-Russian dictionary. Moscow, 1953.
CHuv.-rus. sl., 1961 - the CHuvashsko-Russian dictionary. Moscow, 1961.
Shakirov, 1964 - Shakirov N. M. About some Türkic loans in Russian. - In Book: Proceedings. Issue 268. Linguistics and the literature. Tashkent, 1964.
SHansky, 1Б - SHansky N.M.Etimologichesky the dictionary of Russian. Moscow, 1965.
SHansky, 1971-Шанский N. Moscow, Ivanov V.V.,
SHanskaja T.V.Kratky the etymological dictionary. Moscow, 1971.
SHyogren, 1854 - SHyogren A.M.Materialy for comparison of regional great Russian words with words of languages northern and east. (Materials for will compare, the dictionary). SPb., 1854.
Scherbak, 1961-Scherbak A.M.Nazvanija domestic and wild zhivotnyh.-In Book: Historical development of lexicon of Türkic languages. Moscow, 1961.
Ents. leke., 1835 - the Encyclopaedic lexicon. vol. 1-17. SPb., 1835-1841.
Ents. sl. Berezina - Russian encyclopaedic slovar. Izd. М. Berezina, t. 1-16. SPb., 1873-1879.
Ents. sl. Brokg.-Efr. - the Encyclopaedic dictionary. vol. 1-41 and dopoln. A volume. Izd. Brockhaus and Efron. SPb., 1890-1907.
JUdahin, 1965 - JUdahin K.K.Kirgizsko-Russky the dictionary. Moscow, 1965.
JAkubinsky, 1953 - JAkubinsky L.P.Istorija of old Russian language. Moscow, 1953.
Yanovsky, 1803 - Yanovsky N.Novyj elovotolkovatel, located alphabetically. CH. 1-3. SPb., 1803, 1804, 1806.
Aeta Ling. Hung. - Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungarieae. (Budapest).
AfslPh -Arhiv fur slavische Philologie. (Berlin).
Benzing J. Einfuhrung in das Studium der
altaischen Philologie und der Türkologie. Wiesbaden, 1953.
Berneker E. Slavisches etymologisches Worterbuch. Heidelberg, 1908-1913.
Christiani W. A. tJber das
Eindringen von Fremdwortern in die russisehe
Schriftsprache des 17 und 18 Jahrhunderte. Berlin, 1906.
Doerfer G. Türkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. Wiesbaden, Bd. 2-1965, Bd. 3-1967.
DWA - Denkschriften der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften Philo-sophisch-historisch Klasse.
ESR - Etudes slaves et roumaines (Budapest).
EW - Etimologisches Worterbuch.
FUF - Fmnisch-ugrische Forschungen (Helsingfors).
Gabain A. Die alttürkische Grammatik. Leipzig, 1950.
Gombocz Z. Die bulgarisch-türkischen Lehnworter in der ungarischen Sprache-MSFOugr. Helsingfors,
1912, N 30.
Gronbeck K. Komanisehes Worterbush-Monumenta Linguarum Asiae Maioris, Subsidia I. Kopenhagen, 1942.
JP - Jezyk Polski. Organ TOW. Milesnikov Lez Polskiego. Krakow.
17
JSFOugr. - Journal de la Societe Finno - Ougrienne (Helsingfors).
Kalima J. Die ostseef innischen Lehnworter im Russischen- MSFOugr., N 44, Helsinki, 1919.
"Kleines Le11kon". Leipzig, 1961.
Koman Wb - Gronbech K. Komanicus Worterbuch (Kopenhagen).
Kommentationes Fenno-Ugricae in honorem I. H. Toivonen-MSFOugr 98. Helsinki, 1950.
Kraelits-Greifenhorst F. Corollarien zu F. Miklosich "Die Türkischen Elemente in den Südost-und
osteuropaischen Sprachen"-SWA, Bd. 166, N 4. Wien, 1911.
KSz - Keleti Szemle, Revue Orientale. Budapest, 1900. Lokotsch K. Etymologisches Worterbuch der
europaischen Worter orientalischen Ursprungs. Heidelberg, 1927.
Matzenauer A. Cizi slova ve slovanskych recech. Brno, 1870. Mayer G. Etymologisches Worterbuch der
albanischen Sprache. Stra|3urg, 1891.
Mayer G. Türkische Studien 1. Die griechischen und romanischen. Bestandteile im Wortschatz des
Osmaniseh-Türkischen-SWA, 128, N 1. Wien, 1893.
Menges K. Problemata Etymologica. Alt-Russisch "тамъга" "Siegel", "Stempel"... - ZfslPh, Bd. 31,
Heft I. Heidelberg, 1963.
Mi. AfslPh - Miklosich, Archiv fur slavische Philologie (Wien).
Mi. EW - Miklosieh F. Etymologisches Worterbuch der slavischen Sprachen. Wien, 1886.
Mi# FW - Miklosich F. Die Fremdworter in den slavischen Sprachen-
DWA, Bd. 15. Wien, 1867.
Mi. TEL - Miklosich F. Die turkischen Elemente in den Südost-und osteuropaischen Sprachen, Bd.
1-2, - DWA, N 34 (1884), N 35 (1885), N 38 (1890). Wien.
Minorski P. F. "Tapqur/tabur" - Acta Orientalia Hemiaricae, t. 12, N 1-3, s. 27-31. 2-84
18
SFOugr - Memoires de la Societe Fenno-Ougrienne. Helsingbors, 1890 и сл.
Nemeth J. tlber der Ursprung des Wortes saman und einige Bemerkungen zur türkisch-Mongolischen
Lautgeschichte-KSz, Bd. 14, s. 240-249. Budapest, 1914.
Nfljmeth J. Die Herkunft des Ungarischen Wortes tabor-Acta Ling. Hung., 5, s. 224. Budapest, 1955.
Nemeth J. Wanderungen des Mongolischen Wortes nokür "Genosse" - Acta orient. Hung., 3, s. 1-2. Budapest, 1953.
Paasonen H. "Ober die ttirkischen Lehnworter im Ostjakischen.- FUF, Bd. 2, Helsingfors, 1902.
Ramstedt G. J. Kalmükisehes Worterbuch. Helsinki, 1935.
Rasanen, Tsch. LW - Rasanen M. Die Tschuwassischen Lehnworter im Tscheremissischen - MSFOurg., N 48. Helsingfors, 1920.
Rasanen M. Türkisehe Lehnworter in den permischen Sprachen und im Tscheremissisehen-FUF, Bd. 23, s. 103-107. Helsingfors,
1935.
SWA - Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos-hist. Klasse.
Toivonen, Etym. San - Toivonen I. H. Suomen kielen etymologinen sanakirja, - Le11ca Societatis Fenno--Ugricae, Bd. 12, N 1.
Helsinki, 1955.
UAJb - Ural-aitaisehe Jahrbücher (Wiesbaden). UJb - Ungarische Jahrbücher (Berlin).
Vambery H. Etymologisches Worterbuch der turko-Tatarischen Sprachen. Leipzig, 1878.
Zajaczkowski A. Zwazki jezykowe polowiecko-slowianskie. Wroclaw, 1949,
Zfs - Zeitschrift fur slavistik (Berlin).
ZfslPh - Zeitschrift fur slavische Philologie (Leipzig).
(languages and dialects)
18
абак. - абаканский
авар. - аварский
авест. - авестийский
адыг. - адыгейский
аз. - азербайджанский
азов. - азовский
акм. - акмолинский
аксу - аксуйский
алб. - албанский
алмаатин. - алмаатинский
алт.
- алтайский
ар. - арабский
арал. - аральский
арм. - армянский
арханг. - архангельский
астрах. - астраханский
ат. - аттический
байкал. - байкальский
бараб. - барабинский
барнаул. - барнаульский
башк. - башкирский
бел. -
белорусский
болг. - болгарский
валд. - валдайский
венг. - венгерский
влад. - владимирский
в.-луж. - верхне-лужицкий
в.-нем. -
верхне-немецкий
волж. - волжский
волог. - вологодский
ворон. - воронежский
вост. - восточный
вят. - вятский
19
гол. - голландский
греч. - греческий
груз. - грузинский
далм. - далматский
двин. - двинский
джаг. - джагатайский
дон. - донской
др.-инд. - древнеиндийский
др.-польск. - древнепольский
др.-рус. - древнерусский
др.-сканд. - древнескандинавский
евр. - еврейский
енис. - енисейский
забайкал. - забайкальский
зап. - западный
ир. - иранский
ирк. - иркутский
иртыш. - иртышский
иссык-кульск.- иссык-кульский
ит. - итальянский
каз. - казахский
казан. - казанский
калм. - калмыцкий
калуж. - калужский
карач. - карачаевский
кар. л. - караимский луцкий
кар. т. - караимский трокайский
касп. - каспийский
кач. - качинский
кашуб. - кашубинский
кемер. - кемеровский
кирг. - киргизский
киров. - кировский
кит. - китайский
кк. - каракалпакский
койб. - койбальский
коканд. - кокандский
колым. - колымский
ком. - команский (куманский)
костр. - костромской
крым. - крымский
крым.-тат - крымско-татарский
кубан. - кубанский
кум. - куманский
кумд. - кумандинский
курск. - курский
кыз. - кызыльский
кыпч. - кыпчакский
кюэр. - кюэрикский
лат. - латинский
леб. - лебединский
ленингр. - ленинградский
лит. - литовский
мад. - мадьярский
маньч. - маньчжурский
мар. - марийский
миш. - мишерский
монг. - монгольский
морд.
- мордовский
моск. - московский
нем. - немецкий
ниж. - нижегородский
н.-греч. - новогреческий
новг. - новгородский
новорос. -
новороссийский
ног. - ногайский
ойрот. - ойротский
олон. - олонецкий
омск. - омский
оренб. - оренбургский
орл. - орловский
осет. - осетинский
осм. - османский
ост. - остяцкий
пенз. - пензенский
перм. - пермский
20
перс. - персидский
печор. - печорский
поволж. - поволжский
польск. - польский
прииртыш. -
прииртышский
пск. - псковский
рост. - ростовский
рум. - румынский
рус. - русский
ряз. - рязанский
саг. - сагайский
самар. - самарский
санскр. - санскритский
cap. - саратовский
саян. - саянский
свердл. - свердловский
сев. - северный
сев.-тюрк. - северо-тюркский
семипал. - семипалатинский
семиреч. - семиреченский
серб. - сербский
сиб. - сибирский
сиб.-казач. - сибирско-казачий
симб. - симбирский
слав. - славянский
словин. - словинский
смол. - смоленский
ср.-греч. - среднегреческий
ср.-лат. - среднелатинский
ср.-монг. - среднемонгольский
ср.-рус. - среднерусский
ставр. - ставропольский
ст.-слав. - старославянский
тавр. - таврический
тадж. - таджикский
тамб. - тамбовский
тар. - таранчинский
тара - тара
тат. -
татарский
твер. - тверской
тел. - телеутский
тер. - терский
тиб. - тибетский
21
тифл. - тифлисскийтоб. - тобольский
том. - томский
тув. - тувинский
тул. - тульский
турал. - туралинский
тур. - турецкий
туркм. - туркменский
турф. - турфанский
тюм. - тюменский
тюрк. - тюркский
тяньш. - тань-шаньский
удм. - удмуртский
узб. - узбекский
уйг. - уйгурский
укр. - украинский
урал. - уральский
урал.-казач. - уральско-казачий
уфим. - уфимский
фин. - финский
франц. - французский
хак. - хакасский
хами - хами
херс. - херсонский
хив. - хивинский
ц.-слав. - церковнославянский
чаг. - чагатайский
челяб. - челябинский
черноморск. - черноморский
чеш. - чешский
чув. - чувашский
чул.- чулымский ( = кюэрикский)
шор. - шорский
эст. - эстонский
южн. - южный
як. - якутский
яросл. - ярославский
анат. - анатомический
аф. - аффикс
безл. - безличное
бран. - бранное слово
букв. - буквально
в знач. - в значении
гл. - глагол
геогр. - географический
дв. - двойственное число
диал. - диалект
дорев. - дореволюционный
ед. - единственное число
ж. - женский род
заимств. - заимствование, заимствованный
знач. - значение
и. д. - имя действия
ист. - исторический
ласк. - ласкательно
м. - мужской род
межд. - междометие
мест. - местоимение
мн. - множественное число
муз. - музыкальный термин
нареч. - наречие
нар.-поэт.-народно-поэтическое
23
нескл. - несклоняемоенов, . - новое
обл. - областное
перен. - в переносном (значении)
понуд. - понудительное
поэт. - поэтическое
пренебр. - пренебрежительно
прил. - прилагательное
прич. - причастие
простореч. - просторечное
разг. - разговорное
ел. - словарь
сказ. - сказуемое
служ. - служебное
см. - смотри
собир. - собирательное существительное
спец. - специальное
совр. - современное
ср. - сравни
стар. - старинное
с.-х. - сельскохозяйственный термин
уменыи. - уменьшительное
уничиж. - уничижительно
устар. - устаревшее
фольк. - фольклорное
шутл. - шутливо
этн. - этнографический