| DATELINE |
| Time |
Events |
| -300 |
Earliest occurrence of Parthian
name in form of Aparnoi or Parnoi in Turan. According to Armenian historians who served
Armenian dynasty of Parthian origin, Parthian Arsac who founded dynasty was of White
Hun (Ephtalite, i.e. Türk.:
Abdal, Abdally, Hantal) origin. |
| -300 |
In 300-200 BC Sacae were gradually overrun by Turkic-speaking Usun (future Turgesh)
group of allied tribes of pastoral nomads. Accounts of their
emergence appear in Chinese sources from second and first centuries BC |
| -246 |
Antiochus 11th year Parthians (Türk.:
Pardy, Parthy) shook off
Macedonians and Ephtalite king's son is new ruler. All nations of Eastern and Northern Asia
accepted his rule. King Arsac had four sons. One
received Ephtalites, second Hindus, third Parthians, fourth Armenians. |
| -174 |
Kokkhan (174-161 BC) Huns (Hsiung-nu) attack Tocharians (Yüeh-chih, White Huns),
driving them from Gansu. |
| -174 |
Nomadic Yu-chi, a powerful force west of China, attacked and defeated by Huns and driven west,
into Sogdia (K'ang-chu), from where they invade
Bactria (Ta-hsia). Strabo 11.8.2 names them Asii, Pasiani,
Tochari, and Sacarauli |
| -141 |
141-128 BC
Tochars (Yüeh-chih), fleeing from Huns (Hsiung-nu), overrun Greco-Bactrian kingdom,
which is renamed Tocharistan. |
| -124 |
Asi (Yazig), Pasiani (Budini/Beçen/Peçenek), Tocharian, Sabir (Sabaroi) tribes
break into Sogdiana (Chinese “K'ang-chu“) and Baktria (Chinese
“Ta-hsia“). In next five years two Parthian emperor die in wars. Later Sakauraka
tribe is also conquered by them |
| -73 |
Usuns, headed by a hereditary ruler, Kunmi, number over 600,000. They are 2 groups,
Kangly (many of whom were sedentary farmers) in Karatau
region and middle course of Syr Darya, and Alani migrated from N shores of Aral Sea to N banks of Caspian Sea |
| -73 |
Excavations at Aktyubinsk (on right bank of Syr Darya) reveal that Usun erected
permanent dwellings as winter residences for tribal notables;
most elaborate of these were two-story dwellings with enclosed courtyards |
| 185 AD |
Avar (Juan-juan) state on the NW border of China, to the Mtn. Altai |
| 350 |
ca. 350 Juan-juans take the Sien-pi lands. |
| 400 |
Fifth and sixth centuries A.D. Usun (Turgesh) union began to disintegrate,
after successive invasions by Altai Turks |
| 402 |
Juan-juans take Cungaria (Djungaria) and Upper Irtis (Irtysh). |
| 410 |
Jujan Khan Shelun Deuday died (-410), his brother Khulyuy (410-414) becomes Khan. |
| 410 |
Jujan Khan Shelun Deuday unlimitedly controlled steppes from Khingan to Altai.
Tele were subjugated. Central Asian Huns, after
winning battle at river Ili, recognized suzerainty of Jujans and bought peace by submissiveness. |
| 414 |
Jujan Khan Khulyuy (410-414) died, his cousin Datan (414-4 )becomes Khan. |
| 418 |
Jujanes penetrated Tarbagatay area, |
| 420 |
WHITE HUN EMPIRE
420 - 552 A.D
Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur)
Area - Half of northern India, Afghanistan,
parts of Turkistan (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2) |
| 430 |
Major campaign by Tabgach Empire Wei
army, under Emperor Tay-u-di (Toba Dao) disperse
Jujanes. Datan disappears, leadership taken by
his son Udi. Udi agrees to pay tribute to Empire Wei
. |
| 437 |
Jujanes under Udi resume attacks on Empire Wei
. In 439 Empire Wei
counterattacks,
without decisive battle. In 440 Udi attacks border
and flees. Then again in 445. |
| 439 |
In 439 Tobases had victory over Huns and joined Chesi to Wei
Empire, Khan Ashina with 500
families fled to Jujanes and settled south
of Altai mountains and produce iron for Jujanes. |
| 439 |
The Türk (in Chinese texts t'u-küe) tribe, led by the Asina clan, is admitted
into the Juan-juan state, and settles the S. slopes of Altai. |
| 440 |
Ephthalites (White Huns, aka Hephthalites, later known in West as Avars) move south from
Altai region to occupy Transoxiana, Bactria, Khorasan,
and eastern Persia |
| 445 |
Jujan Khan Udi (430-445) died, his son Tukhechjen becomes Khan. Empire Wei
undertakes punishment raids into steppes against
Jujanes. |
| 463 |
According to Priscus in 463 Byzantium was visited by an embassy of Saragurs, Ugors and
Onogurs, who, dislodged by Avars drive to west, are
conquered |
| 463 |
Saragurs, Ugors and Onogurs sent embassy to Byzantine, they were expelled by Savirs,
who fled Avars, who fled from people living on the shores
of ocean. They said that Saragurs subjugated Akacirs and want to become Roman federates. (Destunis G.C.) |
| 470 |
Peace between Jujan and Tabgach-Northern Wei
Empire |
| 485 |
Jujan Khan Yuychen died, his …??... Doulun becomes Khan. |
| 492 |
Jujan Khan Doulun killed, end of Jujan overlordship over steppes and Tele.
Nagay becomes Khan |
| 493 |
Jujan Khan Nagay died, his son Futu becomes Khan. |
| 498 |
Altynoba's Djurash Masgut in winter 498-499 annihilate Byzantium Illyrium army and
extends to left bank of Danube.
Altynoba subordinates to Avar overlordship. |
| 500 |
Gaochan in Turfan oasis, under ethnically Chinese lord, under overlordship of Jujanes, breaks
with their allies Jujanes. |
| 500 |
Usun (Turgesh) population remained, but came first under rule of Western Turkish Kaganates
and then under their successor, the Turgesh Kaganate,
with its center at Shash, near present-day Tashkent |
| 505 |
Altynoba's Djurash Masgut (465-505) dies, Tatra becomes Baltazar subordinated to Avar
overlordship. |
| 505 |
Altynoba's Tatra (505-545) dies, Boyan Chelbir (545-590) becomes Baltazar subordinated to Avar overlordship |
| 508 |
Mivotu is a lord of Teles (Teleutes), in vassalage to Ephtalites. Helps Empire Wei
's 3K
army defeat Jujanes at lake Puley, after
being paid 60 pieces of silk by Empire Wei
. Futu dies in struggles.
Mivotu is rewarded with musical instruments. |
| 508 |
Mivotu is a lord of Teles (Teleutes), in vassalage to Ephtalites. Helps Empire Wei
's 3K
army defeat Jujanes at lake Puley, after
being paid 60 pieces of silk by Empire Wei
. Futu dies in struggles.
Mivotu is rewarded with musical instruments. |
| 508 |
Cheunu becomes Jujan Khan. |
| 513 |
Buddhism penetrates to Jujanes.
Khan converts to Buddhism.
Religious divisions in ruling clan. |
| 516 |
Jujan Khan Cheunu attacks Tele's kingdom Gaogyuy, captures Tele (Teleut) lord Mivota,
Tele escape to Ephtalites |
| 519 |
Jujan Khan Cheunu makes a treaty with Ephtalites, gives Ephtalite lords his princesses as wives.
Allies with Korea (Gao-Guyli) against Empire Wei
, and together smash Manju tribe Dideugan. |
| 519 |
Empire Wei
recognized suzerainty of Turfan's Gaochan, and Jujanes continue to trade with them,
receiving bread and cloth.
Iron goods are provided to Jujans by their vassals Turkuts (Turks-tuku) in Altai. |
| 520 |
Jujan Khan Cheunu killed by his mother, installed her another son, Anahuan, replaced by Polomyn. |
| 521 |
Teles rebel and defeat remaining Jujanes under Polomyn, and Polomyn moves to Empire
Wei with remains of his Horde.
Anakhuan escaped to Empire Wei
in 520, so both branches of Jujan horde ended up in Empire Wei. |
| 522 |
522-552 Kagan A-na-kuei (A-na-kui) |
| 540 |
Split of Empire Wei
makes Jujan Khan Anakhuan a hegemon for both halves of Empire Wei
. |
| 545 |
Jujan lord Anakhuan, allied with Syanbinian Eastern Wei
, together with Eastern Wei
's emperor Gao Khuan, and Togon's king Kualyuy,
attack Syanbinian Western Wei
, but do not defeat Syanbinian Western Wei
decisively. |
| 545 |
Emperor of Syanbinian Western Wei Ven-di sends ambassador An Nopanto to Turkut lord Bumyn.
Bumyn displays disloyalty to their suzerain Jujanes and sends a reciprocating embassy to
Syanbinian Western Wei capital Chanan. |
| 546 |
Ephtalite embassy came to W. Wei
|
| 550 |
550-600 Avars at their peak |
| 550 |
West Tele tribes revolt against Jujan dominance, and attack from western Djungaria
toward Khalka in Jujan heartland. |
| 550 |
Bumyn, by accepting West Tele tribes vassalage, displays another unloyalty to Jujanian
suzerainty. |
| 551 |
551-552 Turkish revolt, starting in the Altai |
| 551 |
Turkut Lord Bumyn (1) provokes Jujanes to a war by asking for a Jujan princess as a wife.
Anakhuan refuses, calling him slave-smelter daring for such an offer. |
| April 552 |
Juan-juan defeat; a part of the fleeing Juan-juans enter C'i lands in China, the Kagan is K'u-t'i (552-554),
then An-lo-ch'en, son of A-na-kui.
The majority (?) starts to West. On the old Juan-juan territory starts the First Turkish Khaganate |
| 552 |
Turkut Khan Bumyn executes Jujan's ambassador, and in winter of 552 attacks Jujanes and defeats them. |
| 552 |
Jujanes, defeated by Turkuts, elect Anakhuan's uncle Dynshuttsy as Khan and continue fighting.
In a battle near mountain Lyanshan
they are defeated by Kara Issyk Khan. |
| 552 |
End of WHITE HUN EMPIRE
420 - 552 A.D
Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur)
Area - Half of northern India, Afghanistan,
parts of Turkistan (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2) |
| 553 |
Jujanes are defeated by new Turkut Khan Mugan Khan.
They flee to Syanbinian Eastern Wei
under dynasty of Bey-Tsi, who accepted them and repulsed Turkuts pursuit. |
| 553 |
553-568 Turks and Sassanids ally to destroy Hephthalite Empire (Avars). |
| 553 |
Kidanes defeated by Tsists. Ephtalite embassy to W.Wei
|
| 554 |
Jujanes do not have their herds, and are unable to work. They terrorize and rob population,
and Syanbinian Eastern Wei Bey-Tsi sends an army against Jujanes. |
| 554 |
Destruction of Jujanes weakened Syanbinian Eastern Wei
Bey-Tsi.
At same time, Syanbinian Western Wei
Bey-Chjou was growing and more powerful. |
| 554 |
Jujans started looting in Tsi, but are repelled by Chinese.
555 Jujans flee from Bey-Tsi to W Wei
, given to Turkuts and decimated. Lyan attacks Bey-Tsi |
| 555 |
Jujanes are expelled from Syanbinian Eastern Wei
Bey-Tsi by army to steppes.
Jujanes are beaten by Turkuts and Kidanes. |
| 555 |
Zacharias Rhetor, in report of mission sent to Huns before 523 by bishop Qardust of Arran: “Thirteen peoples
1. Όνογουροι Onogurs
2. Οΰγωροι Ogurs
3. Σάβιροι Sabirs
4. Βούλγαροι Bulgars
5. Κουτριγουροι Kutrigurs
6. Αβαροι Avars
7. Άκατζιροι Acatziri
8. Ίτίμαροι (?) Itimari
9. Σαραγουροι Saragurs
10. Βαρσήλτ (?) Barselt
11. Χολιάται (?) Choliatae
12. Άβδˆλαι Abdelae
13. Έφθαλιται Hephthalites (another reading: Avnagur (Onogur), Avgar,
Sabir, Burgar, Alan, Kurtargar, Avar, Hasar, Dirmar, Sirurgur, Bagrasir, Kulas, Abdel and Hephtalit) live in tents,
earn their living on meat of livestock and fish, of wild animals and by their weapons.“ |
| 555 |
Turkuts defeat Avars (Abars).
First encounter of Turkuts with Ephtalites. |
| 556 |
Jujanes flee to Syanbinian Western Wei
, which surrenders 3K army to Turkut's ambassador, who orders decapitation of all except
children and servants.
End of Jujan dominance of steppes. |
| 557 |
Avar's ambassador Kandikh to Byzantium Justinian demands lands and tribute. Byzantian sources take credit
for directing Avars against Kutrigurs
and Utigurs, when in fact Avars already crossed Kutrigur and Utigur lands, and must have subjugated them |
| 558 |
Avars then confederated Kuturgurs and proceeded to attack Byzantium.
Perso-Avar union lasted to 628 and almost destroyed Byzantium. |
| 558 |
Avars devastating Thessalia, Hellas, Epirus Vetus, and Attica invading Peloponnesus and killing “the noble
and Hellenic race“ruled over Peloponnese for 218 years (558-776) |
| 558 |
Avars are lead by Khan Bayan, first crushed Turkic Sabirs, allies of Byzantine, who lived on
Kuma river and in Dagestan.
Avars then crushed Uturgurs, a Bolgarian tribe and also allies of Byzantine, living between
Itil and Don, then crushed Bolgarian Zals and Slavic
Ants on both sides of Don. |
| 558 |
Avars negotiate with Persia and Byzantium to find an ally.
Avars conclude agreements with both Persia and Byzantium.
Avars proceed to play in their own interests. |
| 558 |
Hunno-Bulgars are attacked by invading Avars. Utiguri, Kutriguri, and Sabiri conquered (559-560). |
| 558 |
Turks conquered Volga and Urals areas. Remains of Huni, Var, and Obr tribes went west to Danube,
creating united Avar people
(This is Gumilev's misinterpretation of Avars and Huns).
Their first task was to escape from enemy.
They managed it only because that Ephtalites were active in C Asia and distracted Istemi |
| 558 |
Istemi Yabgu stops at Itil, allowing Vars and Huni, both from North of Aral Sea to escape to
west and become known as Avars.
(This is Gumilev's misinterpretation of Avars and Huns) |
| 558 |
Avars defeat Sabirs in N Caucasus and Ants. Avarian embassy to Byzantium. |
| 558 |
Vars (Ugrian tribe, related to Hungarian ancestors Ogors/Ugrs which lived between Itil and
Ural rivers, and to Hungarians living in Bashkiria up to XIII c.) and Huni (Khionites = Sarmato-Alanians),
both from North of Aral Sea, become known as Avars (This is Gumilev's
misinterpretation of Avars and Huns) |
| 558 |
Abdaly (Hephthalites/Avars) move west to Black Sea steppe to form Avar Kaganate. Evidently,
Europeans did not know title “Kagan“before Avars' Kagans |
| 558 |
Avar Kaganate in Europe
558-805 AD
Founder - Khan Bayan
Area - From central Europe to Itil and from
Balkans to Baltic, essentially western half of Atilla Khandom (Total Area - ?,000,000 Km2) |
| 558 |
Discovered in Mongolia late in 20c inscription Var-guni (Bar-guni) mention Europian Avars.
Majority of Avar time skeletons from Hungary are Mongoloids, Bayan was probably Mongolian word,
evidence that Avars were Mongol Jujuns |
| 558 |
Istemi: When I finish with Ephtalites, I will go after Avars, they can't escape. . |
| 558 |
Avars led by Khan Bayan invaded N Caucasus and faced Byzantium's allies.
First Avar mention in Byzantian sources. |
| 558 |
Avars show up on Danube. In Jan-Feb embassy of Kagan Boyan negotiates in Constantinopole.
Justinian hires them to guard against “barbarians“, same Turkic nomadic hordes as Avars,
continued to erupt from N China. |
| 558 |
Avar embassy in Constantinople; alliance against Sabirs & Utigurs. The Kagan may be Kandik 552?-562. |
| 559 |
Kutugurs under Zabergan, with Avars, made a treaty with Sklavins(?), cross Danube on ice,
raid Byzantine, in three directions.
Via Macedonia to Ellada to Thermopile, to Thracian Chersones, under Zabergan through a
break in Long Wall to Constantinople. |
| 559 |
After unsuccessful storm of city, Bulgars ans Slavs were trapped. Byzantines cut their retreat.
Justinian magnificently spared them. Velizarius
pushed them behind Long Wall. Zabergan retreated because Avars were coming fron east. |
| 560 |
Avar Khaganate extended from Itil to mouth of Danube.
Bulgars are split, with Kuturgur Huns (also listed are Onogundurs (10 Oghur Confederation), Hunnogurs,
Sabirs belonging to Avar Khaganate, and Utugur Huns (30 Oghur) and Khazars loyal to W. Khaganate |
| 560 |
Turkish ambassadors to Iran killed by Ephtalites on the way |
| 560 |
Avars invaded land of Utigurs on east shore of Meotida. Utigurs recognized Avarian rule.
Avars invaded Kutigurs. Kutigurs defeated and became Avarian vassals too. Bayan proclames himself Kagan. |
| 561 |
Avars captured Atil-kuzi (future Bessarabia), execute local ruler Mesamer |
| 561 |
Avars captured Pannonia with its Bulgarian (probably Kutigur) population. Avars drive Bulgars to Atil-Kuzu
(later Bessarabia/Moldova) and Wallachia, from which they will be driven to Moesia hundred years later by Magyars |
| 561 |
One of sons of Francs king Klotar I Sigibert (535-575) received Austrazia (Rheims).
Attack of Avars (561?) on Sigibert lands is repulsed, resulting in peace treaty. During
Sigibert war against Avars, his brother Hilperik temporarily seized Rheims and others Austrazian cities. |
| 562 |
Second Avarian embassy to Byzantium |
| 562 |
Avars came to Dobrudja and decided to stay there |
| 562 |
AVAR EMPIRE
562 - 796 AD (or 558-805 AD)
Founder - Bayan Khan
Area - area between Volga, Hungary and Bessarabia.
From central Europe to Itil and from Balkans to Baltic, essentially western half of Attila Khandom
(Total Area - ?,000,000 Km2)
The seat of the Avar Kaghan and his warlords east of the Danube in Pannonia, known as the
Rhing (Ring), near old stan of Atilla |
| 562 |
East Romans start to pay annual tax to the Avars. Avars defeat King Gisebert of Thuringy.
Then they start to go to the East for the Carpathian
Basin, incorporating large numbers of Slavic peoples as secondary, foot warriors. |
| 562 |
562-602 Avar Kagan Bayan |
| 562 |
Persians defeat Ephtalites |
| 562 |
Avar Khagan Kandich (?-562) died and was replaced by Khagan Bayan (562-602) |
| 563 |
Turkic armies, supported by Khosrov attack on Balkh, invade Ephtalite lands south of Amudarya.
Per 'Shah-Name', decisive battle near Bukhara. Ephtalite army of King Gatifar is crushed |
| 565 |
Avars subjugate Hunnugur and Sabir, and other Hunnic hordes, assimilating them under Avar Khaganate. |
| 565 |
After defeat of their forces by Avars, Khazars took lead in Sabir-Khazar federation.
Part of Sabirs move north, to Middle Itil region, among settled there Bulgarian tribes.
Their main city Suvar is a great center of Itil Bolgaria. |
| 565 |
Pannonia came under pressure from the Avars, Lombardian new king, Alboin, found support from
Constantinople less then he had hoped for. |
| 565 |
End of 565 With the death of Emperor Justinian Roman tax ceases. |
| 566 |
New war of one of Frankish minor kings Sigibert with Avars (566 to 568?). In 570 Sigibert
suffers defeat and falls in captivity, but pays off
and concludes with a peace with Kagan. Franks often called Avars “Huns“ |
| 567 |
Spring 567 Turks, pursuing Avars, cross R. Itil (Volga) |
| 567 |
April 567 Avars and Lombards crush Gepidia, E. of R. Tisia. The Sirmium garrison capitulates to E. Rome;
Avar conquest on the remaining Gepid
lands. |
| 567 |
Gepidic kingdom defeated by Avars |
| 567 |
Avars ally with Longobards |
| 567 |
Avars brought a great number of Slavs to Pannonia. Possible start of association
Slav=slave.
Start of Slavic settlements in Pannonia, recorded in Slavic annals as “When Slavs were sitting by Danube“.
Slavs start slowly extending their settlements in Pannonia and out of Pannonia. |
| 568 |
Avars occupy Pannonia |
| 568 |
As Lombardian King Alboin advanced, the vacuum left behind them was filled by Avars, Bulgars and Slavs |
| 568 |
April 2, 568 Lombards evacuate the territories W. of Danube and start to N. Italy. All the Basin is Avaria.
The E. border of Avaria is somewhere N. of Black Sea |
| 570 |
Frankish king Sigibert suffers defeat and falls in captivity, but pays off and concludes with a
peace with Kagan Bayan |
| 570 |
Kutugurs, as all people on Itil ruled by Turkuts, are encouraged by rise of Avars as alternative
to Turkut suzerainty. |
| 570 |
Jujan horde keeps robbing neighbors.
Language = Syanbinian
Consider themselves to be ethnically Tobases. |
| 578 |
Byzantium allies with Avars. Avars defeat Slavs, killing their Prince Davrit |
| 579 |
Avarian ultimatum by Kagan Bayan to secede city Sirmium. Tiberius refuses. Avars capture
Sirmium after a two year siedge |
| 580 |
Presence of hostile Slavs and Avars in Istria. Avars were partly responsible for the southward
migration of the Serbs and Croats |
| 580 |
Avars conquered and plundered cities and strongholds in Hellas |
| 580 |
Avars capture Singidunum (Belgrade) |
| 582 |
Avar Khagan Bayan attacks Byzantium in Thrace. |
| 582 |
Byzantine Emperor Tiberius I Constantine died and was replaced by Emperor Maurice (582-602 AD)
who agreed to pay the Avars an annual tribute of
100,000 gold coins, or roughly 1,000 lb of gold a year, to Khagan Bayan. |
| 582 |
Avar Khagan Bayan appointed Gostun as the Khan of the Kutriguri (582-584 AD) (House Ermi)
after Khan Zabergan's death in an invasion of Byzantium in northern Illyricum. Here the
Avars and the Hunno-Bulgars attacked and seized the Fortress of Sirmium on the lower Sava River.
Byzantium hastily concluded a peace treaty with the Avars, promising to give them an annual
80,000 gold coins, or roughly 800 lb of gold a year. |
| 583 |
Avarian attack on Byzantium |
| 586 |
Avars and Slavs besieged Thessalonica |
| 587 |
Byzantium Emperor Maurice (582-602 AD) peace with Avars. Anonimous author in name of
Emperor Maurice in Strategokon noted that Avars and
Huns were really one nation, differing in hairstyle: Avars wore two braids down their backs. |
| 589 |
W. Khaganate's Khazars supply military contingents and participate in division of captured wealth.
Bulgars man western border with Avars and don't benefit from captured wealth. |
| 600 |
550-600 Avars at their peak |
| 601 |
Priskos, Byzantine general, defeated Avars in Banat and collected 9.000 prisoners, 3000 Avars,
800 Slavs, 3200 Gepidae, and 2.000 barbarians |
| 602 |
Bayan (562-602) dies. Avar dynasty of Bayan; two sons in sequence 602-617 & 617-c. 630,
names unknown. Next Khan rules (602-617) |
| 614 |
Avars and their Croat allies destroy Epidaurus & Salona in Dalmatia. |
| 603 |
Kushans rebel against Iran with help from Turks. Tocharistan separates from Iran |
| 610 |
610-620 Avar Slavs raided Thessalia, Hellas, the Aegean Islands, Achaia, and Epirus |
| 617 |
617(?) A defeat from Byzantines resulted in deterioration of situation for Avar’s Khakan.
Change of guards in Kaganate. Another Kagan Boyan's son inherits Kagan's crown (617-630), name unknown |
| 617 |
Alburi killed at court of Avar’s Khakan. “Gostun (i.e. “kushtan“- “custodian“) is Kurbat's Ilchiubek (regent),
2 years. His clan is Ermi, and his year is Dokhs Tvirem (i.e. Boar 9th month, as November)“ |
| 619 |
Kurbat (Gr. Kubrat) allies with Byzantium against Avars after
murder of his father
Alburi. “Kur(ba)t reigned (for) 60 years. His clan is Dulo, and his year is
Shegor Vechem (i.e. Bull 3rd month)“ |
| 619 |
Baptism of “Hunnish Khan“in Constantinople. Avars reach Constantinople. |
| 620 |
Avarian retreat from Constantinople |
| 623 |
Several successful uprisings of Slavic tribes against Avars are recorded, for example
revolt of Vends in 623. |
| 623 |
Avars reigned over a vast territory between Alps, Adriatic Sea and Black Sea |
| 623 |
Kurbat's younger brother Shambat starts war against Avars, with Ulchiys (Slavs) and Ugrs.
Shambat captures Pannonia and calls his ulus Duloba (623-658). Event is recorded in writing in 623
as “Samo State“, in Slavic annals as “Duleby“.
Baltavar Kurbat calls him Kyi (Separated). |
| 623 |
Byzantine authors recorded ethnic composition of Avar Empire as Avars, Gepidae, and Slavs |
| 623 |
Shambat (Samo) state birth is credited as first political formation of Slavs, first mentioned in
writing in 623. Slavs in 631 beat Frank Army of King Dagobert near Vogatisburg and gained their
independence from Franks and Avars. With death of Prince Samo state disappear in 665 (i.e. Duloba
ulus is returned under Kurbat's control, Shambat lives on to become Bulgar Kagan in 663) |
| 625 |
Joint attack of Persians and Avars repelled by Heraclius |
| 626 |
Avars controlled all Kuturgur Hun lands
Uturgur (Onogur?) Bulgars did not participate in Khazars' war raids into Caucasus
Uturgur (Onogur?) Bulgars guarded western border of Western Kaganate
Uturgur (Onogur?) Bulgars are allied with Tele (Dulu). |
| 626 |
Khazars and (Onogur?) Bulgars confederated (voluntarily, not conquered) into W. Khaganate.
Bulgars break allegiance with Avaria, splitting Avarian kaganate
Khazars supply military contingents and participate in division of captured wealth.
Bulgars man western border with Avars and don't benefit from captured wealth. |
| 626 |
While Heraclius with W. Türkic Khaganate fights Persians in Caucasus, Persians with Avars
attack Constantinople.
Avars retreat with heavy losses and in disgrace.
Kur-bat suggests sucking Avar Khagan and replacing him.
End of Avar-Persian union. |
| 626 |
626-629 Campaigns (Avars incl. Slavic peoples of Avaria, Croats, Lower Danube Slavs, Persian Empire)
against Constantinople; unsuccessful. Avars suffered a crushing defeat at Constantinople |
| 626 |
Bulgarian Kur-bat proclaims independence from W. Goktürk Khaganate and assumes title of Khagan,
controlling W. part of state, while Shambat wrestles from Avars E. part. Beginning of “Great Bulgaria“ |
| 627 |
Series of revolts against Avars starts among subjugated tribes. Uprising of the western Slavs was
led by Shambat (Samo), and resulted in founding of a Slavic state on the territory of present-day
Czech Republic and Slovakia (Off-date record?627 instead of 623?). |
| 627 |
Avars and Persians besiege Constantinople (Off-date record?627 instead of 626?) |
| 629 |
629-635 Troubles in Avar Kaganate, then restoration. |
| 630 |
New Avar Kagan inherits Kagan's crown, name unknown |
| 630 |
Avars treat Bulgars/Barsils badly as conquered people.
Western Bulgars/Kuturgurs move to Bavaria, and are annihilated by Frankish king Dagober.
Eastern Bulgars/Kuturgurs joint with Bulgars/Uturgur |
| 630 |
Samo, a Frankish merchant led a Slavic revolt against Avar rule, and ruled a wide region for a
time c. 625/30 ?-c. 660 (another reference to Shambat (Samo) state) |
| 630 |
630es Dagober I is entrusted to repulse attacks of Slavs. Slavic
threat forces Dagobert to seek alliance with Saxons. Dagobert armies invade Bavaria flooded by
Bulgarian (Avarian?) refugees (In one night slaughtered 10,000 people). After that the German lands are
included in Frankish state down to Saal and middle course of Elba |
| 631 |
Kutugur's rebelion against Avars and defeat of Kutugurs by Avars |
| 631 |
Samo Slavs in 631 beat Frank Army of King Dagobert near Vogatisburg and gain their independence from
Franks and Avars. However, the state disappeared in 665 with death of Prince Samo |
| 631 |
631/632 (630) War of Dagobert I with the predominantly Slavic
Samo (i.e.
Shambat) state in
territory of present Czechia and Croatia (in territory of Southern Poland and Northern
Moravia and from about 631 in the lands of Lusacian (Lujitan) Serbs of Prince Dervan).
War began after Slavs robbed Frankish merchants and negotiations failed. In addition
to the main army consisting of Austrazians, in Frankish campaign participated Alemans
and Langobards, who were devastating Slavic lands. The main Frankish army advanced from Metz
along Main, got stuck besieging Vogastiburg, (probably hill Rubin at Jatts in Czech territory)
where Frankish army after three-day battle was crushed. Then Slavs started devastating
attacks on the Franks' state and the lands of its vassals. |
| 635 |
635-c. 680 End of troubles in Avar Kaganate (629-635), restoration.
Second Avar Khaganate, names unknown. Restored Kaganate does not control Bulgarian territories. |
| 635 |
Kurbat escaped dominance of Turks and Khazars, by supporting Sibir-Khan in 630.
He became independent, defeated Avars.
Controlled near- Black Sea steppes |
| c. 635 |
Avaria loses the Pontus area (to Bulgars & Khazars), see Note l. From this time Avaria
is the Carpathian Basin, with marches outside: to R. Enns on W., the area of Uherské
Hradiste & Uhersky Brod in Later Moravia and unknown territories E. of E. Carpathians;
allies on N. & S.: White Croats & Adriatic Croats. |
| 636 |
Bolgaria hostile with Khazars of W. Khaganate on East, with Avars on West, with Byzantium on South. |
| 650 |
Famous treasury is found in village
Nagi Szent Miklos in Hungary, 23 golden cups with
Turkic inscriptions, dated by Avar period |
| 658 |
Baltavar Kurbat 's state, Great Bulgaria, is divided into 2 uluses, Western Kara Bulgar and
Eastern Ak Bulgar Yorty, separated by river Shir (Don). |
| 658 |
Great Bulgaria's capital Bandja, renamed fron Phanagoria. Summer stan is Khorysdan or Batavyl
( Lord's stan), present Putivl. In between two more stans, Tiganak and Baltavar, present Poltava. |
| 660 |
Khan Kurbat Dulo (24) died (619-660) (594-642), buried 13 km from Baltavar, present Poltava,
burial excavated in 1912, no anthropological, forensic examination.
His son Asparukh (25) becomes Khan (651?679?-702). |
| 668 |
Peace treaty between Khazars' Khagan Kaban and Kara Bulgar's Baltavar Bat-Boyan.
Kara Bulgar is subordnated to Khazar. |
| 669 |
Split of Kara Bulgar into W. and E. of (Dnepr).
W. controlled by Shambat and Asparukh, E., including Bulyar, by Baltavar Bat-Boyan |
| 677 |
April 677 According to the Vienna Illuminated Chronicle, Árpád, Dux of Hungarians
conquers the Basin. |
| 678 |
Kurbat 's 4th son Ultzindur (Balkor?) moved from S of Crimea his Ultzindurs and Ultzingurs of
Hunnish stock to Pannonia under Avars |
| 679 |
Territorially, split is along Kutugur/Utugur uluses, with Kutugurs independent of Avar and
W. Khaganates, and Utugurs remaining in W. Khaganate
sphere. |
| 679 |
Kurbat 's 4th son Kuber (i.e. Kyzyl-Kubar of Ultzindurs) moved from Crimea his Huns Ultzindurs and
Ultzinzurs to Pannonia under Avars |
| 680 |
635-c. 680 End of Second Avar Khaganate, names unknown. |
| 680 |
The empire of the Avars peaked at the end of the 7th century (680 AD), after devision of Kurbat
Bulgaria between Avars and Khazars, when it
reached from the Volga to the Danube. |
| 680 |
In Avaria, men were laid down in tombs with their horses, arms and horse-trappings.
Art reflected by tomb objects was characterized by
geometrical ornaments pressed upon a print, with a certain degree of Byzantine influence. |
| 724 |
In Avaria, after about 40 years, i.e., after 720 AD, figures of plants and animals were
used more frequently, were cast and decorated. New art
shows Turkic Asian features, probably a new population coming from east took place of earlier one |
| 792 |
Franks met with little resistance on their 2 campaigns in the area of Austria and Slovenia
because of Avar/Bolgar/Slav draught and famine |
| 680 |
ca. 680 Kuber (i.e. Kyzyl-Kubar of Ultzindurs), 4th son of Kagan Kovrat (i.e. Kur-bat, Kurt~Wolf)
of the Pontus Bulgars arrives with his fleeing
people from S of Crimea Ultzindurs and Ultzingurs at the Basin (i.e. Pannonia). In a few years
Bulgars revolt in the Basin. Kuber flees to Danube
Bulgaria (founded in 681 by his elder brother Asparukh). |
| 685 |
ca. 685-795 Third Avar Khaganate, names unknown. |
| 791 |
Charlemagne attacks Avaria, is repelled with heavy losses. |
| 792 |
Avar leaders fought each other between 792 and 795, but the Kaghan and the Yugrush, his fellow ruler,
were killed by their own men, who blamed
them for Avar/Bolgar/Slav draught and famine |
| 794 |
According to archaeological evidence, Avars populated Banat, Crishana, and parts of Transylvania.
Their number in Transylvania is not very high,
but this is difficult to estimate. As in other territories, they probably lived together with Slavic tribes. |
| 795 |
Avars power broken, Franks destroyed residence of Kaganat (king). Nestor chronicle stipulates
that all Avars died, but some retired to east of
Tisza. Last reliable mention of Avars is from 822, and from 873 there is a record of uncertain character. |
| 795 |
Civil war btw. the Kagan (name unknown) and the Yugurrus (the 2nd man). The Tudun
(Governor of the Western Lands) does not want anything of it,
and allies with Erik, Margrave of Friuli against them. Charlemagne sends more than ample
troops into the already friendly Avaria and sacs it. (The
details are somewhat obscure.) |
| 795 |
795-ca. 814 Tudun Kajd (?) takes office of Kagan, later, baptized, takes the name Theodorus.
Or: Kajd, then Theodorus. |
| 796 |
Avar Kaghan and his warlords abandoned their capital Rhing before Frankish host reached it in 796,
but 90 per cent of Charlemagne's horses that
advanced as far as Gyõr in 791 also perished |
| 796 |
Avar state, weakened by internal dissent, was destroyed by a combined Frankish and (Danube)
Bulgarian attack in 796 |
| 796 |
After victory over Avars, Charlemagne's son, Pepin, founds Avar march with archbishopric in Salzburg |
| 796 |
End of AVAR EMPIRE
562 - 796 A.D
Founder - Bayar Khan
Area - area between Volga, Hungary and Bessarabia.
From central Europe to Itil and from Balkans
to Baltic, essentially western half of Attila Khandom (Total Area - ?,000,000 Km2)
The seat of the Avar Kaghan and his warlords east of the Danube in Pannonia, known as the Rhing |
| 803 |
Krum (38) assumes (Danube) Bolgarian Khan-hood (803-814). Bulgars under Khagan Krum unite with
Franks to crush Avar Khaganate. |
| 803 |
Kagan Krum of Bulgaria occupies Eastern Avaria. |
| 804 |
Khan Krum venture to become independent suzerain, lay off federatae status, become Tzar,
and absorb Slavic and Avar territories and populations.
Policy program for next half century |
| 804 |
Charlemagne and then Pepin defeat and subjugate Avar Khan in Pannonia, rob 2 centuries of treasuries.
In 805 Avar Khagan Zodan baptized with name Theodore. Theodore continued ruling as a subject of Charlemagne. |
| 804 |
Joint forces of Franks and (Danube) Bulgars crush and annihilate Avar Khaganate. |
| 813 |
In 813, Krum led a large army of Slavs and Avars against Byzantium and besieged Constantinople
without success. He died in following year. |
| 814 |
ca. 814 - ca. 835 Avar Kagans Abraham & Isaac. |
| 835 |
835 - 899 (?) Avar Kagan Names unknown. |
| 859 |
Gabdulla Shilki (855-882) lost battle to Khazar Kagan Iskhak at Baltavar (Poltava) |
| 863 |
Gabdulla Shilki re-unites Bashtu (Kyiv) and Karadjar (Chernigov) with Kara Bulgar.
Knyaz Dir (Bulg Djir) submits to Shilki, Ascold (Bulg As-Khalib) escapes to Galidj (Novgorod? Galich?)
Gabdulla Shilki restores himself as Baltavar of Kara Bulgar with capital at Baltavar (Poltava) |
| 865 |
Khan Barys of Itil Bulgaria beylyk founded by Tat-Ugek, died, and Shilki, Khan of Kara Bulgar with
a capital in Baltavar (Poltava) is proclaimed
Khan of Itil Bulgaria (865-882) |
| 882 |
Baltavar Bat-Ugyr (882-895) died, Almysh becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (895-925) |
| 895 |
Avaria (Pannonia) is divided between Slavic state of Great Moravia under Svyatopolk, and
Turkic Khanate of Bolgaria under either Bat-Ugyr or
already Almysh. Bolgar Onogundur (or Onogur) settle there, possibly giving name to Hungary. |
| 899 |
Conquering Magyars of Árpád take territories W. of Danube, and also territory of Rump Avaria.
While Western texts for a while still mention
Avars, it is possible that it is already an anachronism, while existence of ethnic Avars is rather sure.
Medieval Magyar sources never mention
Avars. Later fate of Avars is unknown, but in 10th c. Magyar tribal alliance incorporates other peoples
as direct subjects of the Sublime Kagan.
Hungarian archaeologists guess that some cemeteries are mixed Avar-Magyar ones. Some hypothesize Avar
migration to Transylvania. By any probability
fragments of the Avar society could have been incorporated into the Hetumoger=Hétmagyar=7
Magyar(s) without any problem. So this is the latest
possible end of Avar state. Speculations exist that some self-organized Avar group may have existed
in Transylvania since 803, i.e. Bulgarian
incorporation of the Great Plains, but up to now we do not know anything about leaders, for any case.
The connection of Avars with recent Avar
ethnic group & language in Mtn. Caucasus is a matter of hypothesises and may even not exist. |
| 904 |
Oleg, Prince of Kiev (882-916 ), remains a vassal of Avar Khaganate, divided between Bulgarian principalities.
(In 859 to Khazars??) |
| 920 |
Itil Bolgar Baltavar (Elteber) Almush (Almas) allies with Caliphate as counterbalance to Khazars.
Beginning of minting Itil Bolgar money - dirham |
| 922 |
Baltavar Almush takes a title Emir obligated to rule in accordance with Quran. |
