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Klyosov A. Türkic DNA genealogy
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Mukhamadiev A. Turanian Writing
Mukhamadiev A. Türkic Coins in Eastern Europe and Chorasm
Mukhamadiev A. Kurbat Ring
Kisamov N. On Scytho-Iranian Theory
Ephthalite Dateline
Ogur and Oguz
Ethnic Affiliation Scythians
Scythians and their descendents
Stearns P.N. Zhou Synopsis
Alan Dateline
Avar Dateline
Besenyo Dateline
Bulgar Dateline
Huns Dateline
Karluk Dateline
Khazar Dateline
Kimak Dateline
Kipchak Dateline
Kyrgyz Dateline
Sabir Dateline
Seyanto Dateline
Huns and their descendents
Azgar Mukhamadiev
A NEW LOOK
at history of Huns, Khazars, Great Bulgaria and Kipchak Khanate
Kazan, Tatar publishing house, 2011, print 2000 copies, ISBN-978-5-298-01846-3
Copyright© Azgar Mukhamadiev, Àçãàð Ìóõàìàäèåâ 2011

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http://www.tatknigafund.ru/books/2271/read

PDF files

Azgar Mukhamadiev, A NEW LOOK at history of Huns, Khazars, Great Bulgaria and Kipchak Khanate
Intro 1 2 3 4 5 Appendix Full
pp. 1-7, 1.4 MB pp. 8-30, 9.6 MB pp. 31-66, 14 MB pp. 67-94, 10.6 MB pp. 95-120, 4 MB pp. 121-146, 10.2 MB pp. 147-160, 2 MB pp. 1-160, 50 MB

Introduction

The explosion that started with disintegration of the thought enforcement apparatus in the Former USSR keeps growing, undermining centuries of scientifically profane opuses and vise of censorship. The gag order on the use of the terms Türk and Türkic is gone, and no force can bring it back. The relative position of the Türkic people in the fabric of Russia  has greatly changed. The FUSSR rulers of the 300 mln-strong population were paranoid about demographical waves of the native populations supplanting the Slavicized population of the Russia proper in the same fashion as the 13th c. Türkic people supplanted the ruling Mongols. With great relief, they have shed half of their “alien” citizens, only to discover that unwittingly they made their remaining Türkic citizenry a largest minority in the de-federated Russian Federation. History keeps repeating its sarcastic joke, at every turn on the upswing or downswing, Russia is finding itself gaining “aliens” in one form or another, and no Pale of Settlement can ameliorate the mean taunt of fate. The new Caesars are now embarking on a country-wide rewriting of history textbooks, a native sport inaugurated in the 11th c., which blossom in the 20th c. reached unheard of heights, and even spilled outside with the Katun massacre presentation at the Nuremberg Trial. All the more reasons for the merciless fate to keep smiling.

The work of Dr. Azgar Mukhamadiev became a rarity even before it hit the bookstore shelves. In a way, it is a story by an insider, from the inside of the history that used to be written by the outsiders. The encyclopedic knowledge of  Dr. A. Mukhamadiev does not hurt, he intimately knows numismatic and toreutical details of the events addressed in his work, his shovel brought to light evidence long deemed destroyed, he was the first to decipher the Rosetta Stone of the Middle Asian runiform alphabet. Among the breakthrough observations are the following points, each one meriting a discovery status, each one illuminating a path forward for the inquisitive scholars:

Mishars and Karaimes speak Khazar language, which means that we have written and spoken records of the Bulgarian and Khazar languages
Paskatir (Bashkort) Bulgars were White Huns or Ephthalites, their endonym was Iskil (Eseg/Esegel/Ezgil/Izgil/Yskyly/Askal/Iskil/Ichgil/Sekel/Szekely/Szekely-ek/Scyth; S'k'l'/Skythy), they were “The Strongest Tribe - Ezgil” of the Chinese annals
Understanding of the “Inner Bulgaria”, traditionally interpreted as the area of Bulgar center in the Itil-Kama interfluve with Suvar, Eseg (Esegel), and Bulgar domains, as related to the Paskatir (Bashkort) geographical area
The Imenkov Culture of the Middle Itil region belongs to the Ephthalites
The language of the Middle Asian antique coins and vessels brought to Europe terminology of the ruling elite
Türkic script of Middle Asian antique coins and inscribed vessels was a predecessor and prototype for the Old Türkic Runiform Script
The language of the “type 2” “Bulgar” gravestones has nothing to do with the Bulgar language
In the history of the Eastern Europe, the first mass deportation of the Jews was conducted by the newly enlarged Great Bulgaria after the fall of the Khazar Kaganate, not by Rus state upon conversion to Christianity

The posting's notes and explanations, added to the text of the author and not noted specially, are highlighted in blue font, shown in (blue italics) in parentheses and in blue boxes. Page numbers are shown at the end of the page in blue. Itil is the native name of the river called Volga in Russian sources. Inimitably funny graphics of some Tatar letters was replaced with conventional symbols or their phonetic depiction.

Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Chapter one Problems of Hun-Sarmatian, Khazar-Bulgar, and Türkic-Tatar history  
  1. Huns, Sarmatians and their descendants 8
  2. Hun “Invasion” , or Great Migration 12
  3. Hun Coins 15
  4. The Hunnic Writing, or how after the coins the vessels, bowls, and precious metals' jewelry “began to talk” in Hunno-Bulgar language 19
  5. Kipchaks are not “Polovetses” 27
Chapter two Itil area prior to Mongols
  1. Spread and formal adoption of Islam in the Caucasus and Itil area 32
  2. High level of agriculture and nomadic lifestyle in the ancient Türkic society 36
  3. Language and Literature of the Great Bulgaria 44
  4. Collapse of the hypothesis on the “special” Proto-Bulgar language - Part 1 54
  5. What language spoke the Ancient Bulgars? 62
Chapter three Great Bulgaria in the system of Mongolian States
  1. Defeat by the Bulgar cavalry of the Chingis Khan shock army near Penza 68
  2. Mongol Khans in the Itil area, or “vanished” Great Bulgaria country 77
  3. Ethnic composition of the Itil and Ural regions' population 81
  4. Greater Hungary. Bashkirs 89
Chapter four Struggle for Independence. War with the Mongolian Yurt
  1. Restless Great Bulgaria and the Rus Ulus 98
  2. The Fighting Great Bulgaria 107
  3. Destruction of the Batu Kipchak Khanate at the Itil river 111
  4. Beijing - the capital of the Mongol Empire and Kipchak Khanate (Russian moniker Golden Horde) 114
  5. Bulgar titulature and terminology 115
Chapter five Great Bulgaria in the Kipchak Ulus
  1.  “Land Gathering” by Sultan Berke and creation of Ulus Kipchak 122
  2. Capital cities Sarai al-Mahrusa and Saray al-Jadid 127
  3. Collapse of the hypothesis on the “special” Proto-Bulgar language - Part 2 132
  4. Bulgar coins of Kazan 138
  5. Mangyt Yurt, or Nogai Horde 140
Words and terms used in the book 147
Rulers, caliphs, sultans, emirs, and their titles on the coins minted mints of the Itil region (5th-15th cc.) 155
Azgar Mukhamadiev
A NEW LOOK
at history of Huns, Khazars, Great Bulgaria and Kipchak Khanate
Introduction

In memory of a teacher - an outstanding numismatist and orientalist, Professor of Moscow State University, G.A. Fedorov-Davydov

Starting from the second half of the 20th c., and especially in the initial period of the collapse of the rigid Soviet control system over activities of scientists, particularly in humanities, came major changes in the history, and specifically in the field of Khazar-Bulgar-Tatar archeology, numismatics, written monuments, etc.

Unique archaeological monuments of the Khazar Empire, a first feudal state in Eastern Europe (7th - 10th cc.), were investigated and discovered, including fairly large cities with mints that supplied silver coinage not only for the Eastern Slavs, but also for the population of the Central and Northern Europe. Direct descendants of the Khazars, according to the linguistic research of the author, are the speakers of one of the Tatar language dialects, the Mishars, and the Karaimes who converted to Judaism still in the Khazar time, who speak a peculiar kind of language close to the Mishar dialect.

Also were investigated the cities of the Bulgar time (10th - 13th cc.), located not only in the Middle Itil area, but also in the Upper Kama area, Don and Itil estuary areas. Some of them, such as Saksin or Mashaek (Astrakhan) located on the Lower Itil, existed during Khazar-Bulgar and Kipchak Khanate (Russian moniker Golden Horde) periods (8th - 15th cc.), i.e. for 500 years continuously.

The same can be said about towns and villages of the Upper Kama region, studied by archaeologists in recent years. Judging from archaeological finds and written sources, in this region was the land called “Paskatir” (in ancient Türkic  language that means “refuge”). These were the lands of the early Bulgars - White Huns - Ephthalites, that were forced to retreat and hide after a defeat from the allied forces of the Shah of Persia and the Turkic Kagan Istemi (6th c.). The Arab authors often called Paskatir an “Inner Bulgaria”. On the map of the 12th c. Arab cartographer Idrisi, in contrast with the Middle Itil Bulgars, they are called “the remaining Bulgars of the Turks”. The Arab traveler al-Gharnati, who in the pre-Mongolian period spent 20 years in the Bulgar city Saksin, located at the mouth of the river Itil, describes the northern Bulgars from the Paskatir as follows: “I saw a group of them in the Bulgar city during the winter: red, blue eyes, their hair is white as flax, and in such cold they wear linen garments. And some of them wear fur coats of excellent beaver pelts, the fur of these beavers on the outside”.

Ephthalites were called “Iskils” (Russian plural - “Iskalits”), they were one of the Bulgar tribes. Since in the pre-Islamic period in Hun-Bulgar language the letter “f” did not exist, the Hephthalites of the medieval European authors are the Iskils. (By the way, the Volume 3 of the Tatar language glossary has no words beginning with “f” other than borrowings.)

Bulgars-Ephthalites were ancient agricultural and sedentary people. This is plenty evident from the Byzantine sources. For example, when the Istemi Kagan's ambassador came to the palace of the Byzantine emperor, between him and the ambassador went on a dialogue:

“- Are the forces Ephthalites destroyed completely?
- Yes, Your Majesty, completely destroyed.
- Were the Ephthalites a people living in cities (sedentary) or settlements (nomadic)?
- Ephthalites were city people.
- So, now in their cities are commanding you, the Türks?
- Your Majesty is absolutely right, that's so”.

In recent years has been found and studied the Hunnic-Bulgar writing of the pre-Islamic period. As a result of reading their inscriptions, numerous dishes and vessels of precious metals found in the Itil area, and especially in the Upper Kama, started “talking” in Early Bulgarian language.

Suffice it to say that in addition to the inscriptions on cups were also studied the inscriptions on the gold signet rings of the Attila's descendant Kurbat, the Bulgar ruler of the in 7th c., and his predecessors. And also the texts on golden pendants and rings from kurgans in Hungary, that demonstrated that writing of the early medieval Huns and White Huns gained fairly widespread use in the Eurasia.

Judging from the testimony of the European travelers, such as Gilyom (William) de Rubruk “The Huns came out of Paskatir, which actually is the Great Bulgaria”. According to the historian A.N. Bernshtam, Huns and their talented commander Attila, who is as known as Alexander the Great, came out from the Great Bulgaria.

Therefore, knowing the objective history of the Khazars and Bulgars, it became pointless to hold the history of the Itil region civilization only from the the Mongol period. It is impossible to associate it only with contrived clichés and the term “Tatar-Mongols,” first introduced into scientific circulation in the 19th c. by a professor of the St. Petersburg University N.Naumov, i.e. with a history of Mongolia and the brutal conquests of Chingis Khan.

An important and a fate-changing historic event for the people of Eastern Europe (and not only Eastern Europe) was not the Mongol raid, but the debacle inflicted by the Great Bulgaria Emir Boyan to the Chingis Khan troops during their first campaign. As is known, the Mongolian army, which penetrated  to the Eastern Europe through the South Caspian, under command of an outstanding general Subedei, after a victory at Kalka over the allied Rus and Kipchak troops, in 1223 invaded the Bulgar lands.

This event is fairly well known from the written sources. But a startling news confirming these reports was the detection of the battlefield of the Bulgar soldiers with the Mongols, who fell in an ambush near Penza, where were located fortified walled cities of the Bulgars. Archaeologists involved in excavations were amazed not only by the abundance of horse and Mongolian soldiers' bones, but also of the large quantity not only of the Mongolian, but also of the Kyrgyz weapons. The latter indicates that among the Subedei troops, apart from the Mongols, also were  Kyrgyz auxiliary troops.

This major event happened in the initial period of the Mongols' first campaign in the west under a motto “Punishment of the western region”. On the other side of the Itil, in the Kazakh steppes, Chingis Khan with his main forces waited in vain for the return of their shock troops to continue his campaign. The headlong return of the pitiful remnants of the Subedei beaten troops seems has really scared of Chingis Khan. Leaving the conquered land and captured cities of Turkestan, like a beaten dog, he was forced to flee and return to the Mongolian steppes to collect new fresh forces.

This outstanding event saved from destruction not only the Rus', but also the European cities with large population. As is known, Chingis Khan used a “scorched earth” tactics, when the population and the city putting even a slightest resistance were completely destroyed with most cruelty. Therefore, the Chingis Khan wars were very different from the war tactics of Batu and his other grandchildren, who were organizers of the second Mongol campaign undertaken fifteen years after such defeat.

It is for this reason, that is after their victory over the Chingis Khan shock army, Bulgars managed to preserve almost all their cities from the Caspian Sea to the Perm, and from the Crimea to the Yaik, ensuring their rapid development in the quieter days of the Mongo period. They finally disappeared from the face of the earth only in the 15th-16th centuries, i.e. in parallel with the colonial boom that flared in Europe, as evidenced by the ruined palaces, mosques, and en masse slaughtered and killed residents of the Itil cities.

This statement is a direct protest against the propaganda myth disseminated for centuries by the Russian internal disinformation. All remaining ruins, and most of them were wiped out clean, are ascribed to the cruel hands of Mongols, in spite of numerous historical evidence of the contemporary witnesses on their prosperous condition. That is how the underfloor heating system, popular in the 14th-15th cc., has to be labeled to the 12th c., making it a marvel of the times. That is how the mass-produced Middle Asian glazed ceramics of the 14th c. decorates in abundance the structures reportedly utterly destroyed in the 12th c.  In the Hyperborean lands, the Midas' ass ears flourish.

The other factor, no less important in the history of nations, but of a little significance for the atheist Soviet period, the religion, needs to be mentioned. The author, pointing to the general direction of research, had already said once that the main thesis of this book is that in the Itil region the Türko-Tatars officially accepted Islam as early as 737, i.e. 250 years before introduction of Christianity in the Kyivan Rus, as evidenced by the numerous coins. This is evidenced by the mass coinage based on Arabic script. Consequently, they are the native inhabitants of this region.

Unfortunately, some artificial dogmas that prevailed in the Soviet era, not only were not debunked, but occupy a firm place in the history of Russia. For example, in 2003 was introduced a textbook on the “History of the Fatherland” for the 6th grade, authored by A.A. Preobrajensky and B.A. Rybakov. According to the textbook, the Tartars not only were conquering and plundering the Slavic lands, but they turned out to engage in cannibalism. That is depicted by a drawing in the book, showing a man bound on a skewer being roasted over a fire like a shish kebab, and a man standing next to it is holding a human foot in each hand.

The picture is from a medieval English sources covering history of the Mongols, who in accordance with European sources called themselves “Tatars”. Apparently, the authors included this illustration in the textbook for a thorough education of patriotic skinhead spirit among younger generation and to teach to hate their own fellow Tatar citizens.

This kind of nonsense is successfully taught to the pre-puberty “native” and “alien” children, who at that age are susceptible to being like everybody else, being a norm. Only later, after puberty, it dons on some “alien”, and few “natives” that they were preached tenets derogatory to their own history, their culture, possibly their religion, possibly something else like humanity values they have encountered somewhere else. In the larger world, lying to the innocent children is held as a monstrous evil, but in some societies it is held as a necessary evil for the benefit of the society, like a political integrity of the country. Then it is a hallmark of the national policy.

It turns out very interesting. According to historical data, in the period of colonial boom in Europe, British for example gave some African cannibal tribes an opportunity to create their own state and to join Western civilization. And the above authors try to make cannibals out of us, at the same time “forgetting” that the whole medieval Russian civilization, maybe except religion, was created under the influence of a high for the time Türkic, i.e. Khazaro-Bulgar culture.

For example, it would suffice to say that when Mongols destroyed nearly thousand-year old Arab Caliphate, destroyed cities, all fortresses, executed the last Caliph Mutasim and all his successors, in contrast the Muslim Bulgarians destroyed not only almost all the heirs - the sons and grandsons of Batu, but also his entire Horde with a senior wife and his other courtiers.

A ruler of the new Türkic state Kipchak (in Persian - Dasht-i-Kypchak, in Russian - Kipchak Khanate (Russian moniker from the 17th c. “Golden Horde”) was installed his brother Berke, who converted to Islam. Like a true Muslim, in alliance with the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Bibars, a native of the Itil region, he went to war with his relatives - Mongol gentiles, as did the Prophet, warring with his tribesmen  gentile Qurayshes.

It was during the period of Berke reforms that along with the Bulgar Ulus, more than ten Slavic principalities were finally united, and was created a large Rus Ulus with Moscow as its capital, and seated a single Great Prince. By their territory and population, and economically, these two Uluses were the largest and most powerful provinces of Kipchak, or the “Kipchak Khanate” (Russian moniker Golden Horde), as opposed to, say, the Nogai, Khorezm, or Kazakh Uluses.

Instead of re-pasting the medieval illustration of a cartoon character, the authors should have recognized, had a single hair fallen from a head of a Rus, i.e. did the Kipchak Khanate Sultans (according to Islamic tradition, a Chingisid, taking the throne, was becoming a Sultan, i.e. an Emperor, which is confirmed by their titles on the coins of their own minting) prohibit to practice their religion and speak their native language, or did they force to convert to Islam by violence, by impaling on a stake, by burning at a stake, did they destroy the ancient churches to build their own fortresses, as was done by the Russians in the Itil area, etc., etc.

The Rus Ulus, like the Bulgar Ulus, were equal provinces of the Kipchak Khanate (Russian moniker “Golden Horde”). Taxes, negligible for such relatively large area, were collected by the same Rus princes at their locations. So much for the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”. Once, one of the Kazan historians exclaimed on this topic, “Oh, we would love to have such a yoke!”.

Continuing on the above-named textbook, it should be added that such works of the similar nature, and they are ubiquitous in the Russian historiography, time and again reflect mainly the ideological tendencies of the Soviet period. These books have forced the author to write this objective book titled “A New Look at history of Huns, Khazars, Great Bulgaria and Kipchak Khanate (Russian moniker Golden Horde)”.

In fact, the author, an archaeologist, numismatist, and Turkologist, did not have to look for some new theories. They were quite well known, because as it is said, they were laying on the surface of the known parts of the historical science and were speaking for themselves. But ordinarily, because of certain trends, in the Russian historiography such facts were turned upside down.

Following the writer Aziz Nesin, this topic can also be phrased this this way. If you do not blaze, if I do not blaze, then who would write a truthful history of the Eurasian empires that existed with their capitals in the Itil area from the Early Middle Ages, of the rather high urban civilization of the Western Huns-Khazars or Middle Age Bulgars with a unique, unprecedented for the Europe equity, i.e. with a tolerance of religion, language, and culture of subjugated peoples?

No later than the 7th c. our ancestors have established, in the untamed expanse from the Altai to the Crimea, from the Caspian Sea to the Arctic Ocean, away from the traditional eastern, southern, and western civilizations, and still before the migration of the Slavs from the Central Europe, their own world-class culture and civilization.

Home
Back
In Russian
Contents Huns
Contents Tele
Contents Alans
Sources
Roots
Tamgas
Alphabet
Writing
Language
Genetics
Geography
Archeology
Religion
Coins
Wikipedia
Klyosov A. Türkic DNA genealogy
Mukhamadiev A. Hunnic Writing
Mukhamadiev A. Turanian Writing
Mukhamadiev A. Türkic Coins in Eastern Europe and Chorasm
Mukhamadiev A. Kurbat Ring
Kisamov N. On Scytho-Iranian Theory
Ephthalite Dateline
Ogur and Oguz
Ethnic Affiliation Scythians
Scythians and their descendents
Stearns P.N. Zhou Synopsis
Alan Dateline
Avar Dateline
Besenyo Dateline
Bulgar Dateline
Huns Dateline
Karluk Dateline
Khazar Dateline
Kimak Dateline
Kipchak Dateline
Kyrgyz Dateline
Sabir Dateline
Seyanto Dateline
5/15/2013
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