Introduction

Lecture 4
INITIAL STAGE OF THE ANCIENT BULGARS ETHNIC HISTORY

On the road conducting to knowledge of process ethnogenesisa and an ethnic history Bulgar, us projden very complex{difficult} and important piece of a way. We shall remind, that in the previous lecture the following positions were proved:
First, the origin is determined and the semantic maintenance{contents} of the term "Bulgars" is opened, it{he} has arose in the 3rd millennium BC and was used for a designation prevailing in the Sumer society of estate of soldiers;
Second, it is revealed and the initial ethnic substratum which has served by a nucleus and simultaneously by the general basis on which it started to be formed Bulgar ethnos is in appropriate way described. Such ethnic substratum appeared Sumerians, the parts which arose as a result of mixture of tribes sind and imen. The estate of soldiers of Sumer society has acted in relation to ancient Bulgaram in quality substrate ethnos.
Thus, the most remote ancestors ancient Bulgar are determined, their ethnic properties and qualities are described, their historical destiny is tracked.
The tasks subject to the decision in this lecture:
1. Opredeleit, as well as under what conditions there was a process of transformation politically and socially prevailing estate of soldiers of Sumer society in ancient Bulgar ethnos and closely related to it{him} tribes. Thus to describe a course of replacement of communications{connections} of soslovno-professional character intraethnic communications{connections}.
2. To open process of transformation of the name of estate of soldiers of Sumer society in the dominating collective ethnic term "Bulgars". Only in V v.n.e. ethnonym "Bulgar" began to prevail of names separate closely related him{it} of tribes and has turned to the general-political term for a designation of federation of tribes of Northern Black Sea Coast (12; 54-55). Hence, this process was tightened{delayed} on veki during which Bulgars allocated itself with different self-names, and next peoples by various names - nicknames.
The originality of formation Bulgarianogo ethnos was, that it{he} has arose not for the account otpochkovanija any sort from a tribe or development of a tribe up to a nationality{national character}, and due to splitting of estate of soldiers of Sumer society on separate groups. In other words, process of formation ancient Bulgarianogo ethnos began and proceeded not due to disintegration Sumeroj ethnic system with the subsequent mixture with other ethnoses, and has grown out of a partition of group of people incorporated on an occupation and uniform historical destiny, with the subsequent mixture with other ethnoses.
Other originality Bulgarianogo ethnos consist that Bulgars examined itself within many centuries as soldiers - professionals. Accordingly governors of other countries aspired to employ them on military service. One of them served as bodyguards of kings. Others settled on the most dangerous sites of border. Therefore Bulgarianaja the generality was repeatedly dismembered, and its{her} components appeared in various regions. They served as a material for new ancient Bulgarian formations{educations}. Thereof process of consolidation and formation{education} ancient Bulgarianogo ethnos was stretched{was dragged out} for many centuries.
Methodical instructions. Bulgars as estate of soldiers of Sumer society have gone from shepherds. And they appeared the most viable part Sumerians, the most active carriers of Sumer language and a genofund of ethnos as a whole. Further we shall consider process of a partition Bulgar as estates of soldiers on separate groups and we shall look after how these groups will leave{abandon} " the paternal house ", i.e. area of the most ancient civilization - Mesopotamia. In new edges{territories} they will begin development Bulgarian and closely related to them of tribes. Descendants of those Sumerians-soldiers who during rather long time did not mix up with other ethnoses, further we shall actually name Bulgarami. Descendants of those Sumerians-soldiers who intermixed with other ethnoses, but thus their ethnic properties and qualities appeared dominating, we shall call closely related Bulgarami. Actually Bulgars and closely related him{it} tribes were connected among themselves by an origin.
1. KIMMERIJTSY - HISTORICALLY THE FIRST CLOSELY RELATED BULGARAM THE TRIBE
Origin kimmerijtsev. The beginning ethnogenesisa closely related Bulgaram tribes concerns to the 3rd millennium BC. There was it under the following circumstances.
Ulug Vali Mar has directed sardara Kamyr-Batyra with the big group Bulgar in Anatolia (the most part of Asia Minor). In those days northern part Anatolias were called Kimerija as prevailing position occupied kimery. The central part Anatolias were called Hatti. With XIX on VII century BC here existed hett the state (12; 49). Sardar Kamyr-Batyr has won Kimeriju and has located with the Bulgarami in the city of Atrjache. It{he} was based Imenians. By the moment of a gain Bulgarami here lived kimery, hetty. As Bulgars-soldiers arrived without wives and children they created the families, having married on women from tribes kimer and hettov.
At the end of millennium BC on the city of Atrjach ancient greek tribes in the union with akadzhirami (variants ethnonyma have attacked: agachiry, akatsiry). Akadzhiry is iranojazychnoe a tribe, living in area which were called Aka Dzhir and was on the right to coast of modern Oka (4; 312). Ancient greek tribes and akadzhiry initially have attacked on Imenians and tormenov, living on BalKan peninsula, and steel of them is universal{without exception} to exterminate. Being rescueed from destruction, Imenians  and tormeny (tjurkmeny) arrived to the city of Atrjach. Pursuing them, to Atrjachu Greeks with akadzhirami came also. Inhabitants Atrjacha bravely battled against Greeks. However to beat off attacking Greeks and to crush them him{it} it was not possible. Began long osada the cities of Atrjacha. Before deciding storm Greeks promised defenders of city to keep in case of his{its} voluntary delivery life and rights of the townspeople. Tormeny have left city and left to Khurasan (the Western Iran). Kimery and Bulgars, and also the small group hettov has made the way to the ships worth on an anchor far from coast. To promises of Greeks have believed only Imenians  and it is severe for it have paid. When Imenians  uncovered a gate, Greeks and akadzhiry have rushed into city, sozhgli and plundered it{him}, Imenians is universal{without exception} have destroyed.
Kimery, Bulgars-Sumerians and hetty have left{abandoned} rodnoj city and by the ships have gone to search in another's edges{territories} for itself for new fatherland. Their ships have stuck to northeast coast of Black sea in area of the modern city of Pitsunda. Newcomers odered about desperate rubaka sardar by name Targiz (4; 312). It{he} was glorified by the courage and mind{wit}. After his{its} death memory of it{him} was still for a long time alive. During a dzhiena-holiday in memory of it{him} arranged games: " jumped through the swords thrust in the ground by an edge upwards " (4; 12). In IX century AD about it{him} still told legends: Bulgars it{him} was called Tarvilem, sabany - Tardzhisom, bashkorty - Adilkushem (4; 40). There was time when his{its} name was called all Northern Caucasus. The Arabian writer of first half X of century. Masudi, the author of the book " Gold meadows ", has was called descendants of newcomers targizami (6; 20).
In new edges{territories} kimery, hetty and Bulgars-Sumerians intermixed, and the arose new ethnic substratum became known under obshchesobiratelnym a name kimmerijtsy. This ethnonym for a long time became a designation for an ethnic substratum from kimerov, Bulgar-Sumerians and hettov.
Kimmerijtsy were founders and carriers of that culture which in archeology is known as katakombnaja. This culture is characterized by the following attributes:
- An originality of a funeral ceremony: in a wall deep podkurgannoj holes dug out a special chamber - niche or a catacomb, i.e. a funeral cave; they inherited this ceremony from the ancestors Sindians;
- Feature of a way ornamentatsii pottery as a cord and a wum band;
- An originality of reception of an ornament of metal products: a relief ornament as spirals and concentric circles, imitation shnurovyh patterns (3; 118 and 119).
Kimmerijtsy were engaged in agriculture, using mattocks from horns and bones, sickles with silicon loose leaves, silicon crescent knifes. Millet and barley sowed. Planted ovets, cows and horses. Kimmerijtsy made of bronze listovidnye cherenkovye daggers, proear kolunoobraznye and flat klinovidnye axes, thin lamellar edges, massive chisels, etc. (3; 119). Of bronze also made spiral temporal rings, a beads, fine priveski, bljashki, etc. (3; 120).
Even such rather fluent review allows to draw a conclusion: kimmerijtsy, living in areas of East Priazovye in a transition period from a bronze age to iron (the end - beginning I of a millennium BC) were highly enough advanced and were allocated among other tribes with quite developed original culture which received in the archeologic literature the name katakombnoj.
In due course kimmerijtsy have become stronger in geographical limits from the river Nikopsisi (sovr. Nichepsuho in area Gagr) in the south up to nizovjev Don in the north, from Middle course of Kuban in the east up to Kerch peninsula inclusive in the west. " Father of a history " Gerodot (V century BC) marked, that till his{its} time such names, as Bospor Kimmerij (sovr were kept here. Kerchenky a passage), kimmerijskie ferries, kimmerijskie fortifications, area Kimmerija, etc. (3; 1, 6, 13, 16, 103). Having located at east coast of sea of Azov (in an ancient times: Meotij a bog, Meotida, lake Meot) kimmerijtsy distant campaigns - made attacks up to nizovjev Itil in the east, up to Dnestr in the west, from area modern Kamyshina in the north up to predgorjev Caucasus in the south (1; 121). Through BalKan peninsula they penetrated even into depth of Asia Minor.
In an initial stage (XIII - XII centuries BC) stay at east coast of sea of Azov kimmerijtsy existed as the uniform not dismembered ethnos under the control of one governor. Then kimmerijtsy were divided{shared} into two groups.
One group kimmerijtsev was forwarded on the western coast of Don and began to wander on the right coast of this river. Subsequently (VI v.n.e.) the Byzantian historians of them was called kuturgurami or kotragami.
Other group kimmerijtsev has remained in former territory and wandered in territory from Pitsundy in the south up to nizovjev Don in the north. The Byzantian historians of them was called uturgurami (utigurami or utugurami) (7; 9-10).
The Byzantian historian of Procopies Kesarij (end V - the beginning of VI centuries) has explained an origin of names of these tribes as follows: kimmerijtsy initially " were under authority of one sovereign. At one of these sovereigns was born two sons, from koih one were called Uturgur, and another Kuturgur, after death of the father sons have divided{shared} among themselves authority and informed the proranks to peoples controlled by them, and till this moment (VI v.n.e. - M.Z.) one are called uturgurami, and others kuturgurami " (10; 9-10).
Uturgury and kuturgury anthropologically were connected, first, with Bulgarami-Sumeriansi, second, with ancient sindijtsami. I shall remind: Sumerians arose as a result of mixture Sindians and Imenians, and kimery - one of branches Sindians, hetty formed   as a result of mixture kimerov with hattami.
Other basic ethnic parameter is language. There is an important question: to what nowadays the known science group of languages can coordinate language kimmerijtsev? To give correct in every respect the answer to this question it is not obviously possible because of shortage of the facts yet. In the most ancient written sources there are no direct instructions{indications} on this account. In assirij cuneiform writings names only three kimmerij leaders were kept: Teushpa, Tugdamme and Sandakshatru (1; 21). On the basis of original perusal of these names one group of researchers (for example, I.M.Djakonov) counts language kimmerijtsev Iranian, and another (for example, M.I.Artamonov) - Turkic. It and is clear if to take into account features ethnogenesisa kimmerijtsev, namely - the mixed character of their origin.
Thus, uturgury and kuturgury were closely related Bulgaram-Sumerians tribes. From the end of millennium BC their historical ancestors - kimery, Bulgars-Sumerians and hetty - carried obshche-collective names kimmerijtsy. By VIII century BC kimmerijtsy were dismembered on two tribes - uturgurov and kuturgurov. After VIII century BC historical destiny of a part of the specified tribes was connected to ability to live Huns. Among hunn clans and tribes uturgury were known as uti, and kuturgury - initially as sohoty, later as jotas.
Historical destiny kimmerijtsev. Deciding influence on historical destiny kimmerijtsev rendered Scythians. Scythians are " the Greek name of five different breeding groups of Black Sea Coast. The basic group - imperial Scythians, people of the severo-Iranian origin " (13; 251). Among them there were descendants Kara - saklanov, masgutov, kushanov (kashanov). In other words, it were descendants ancient Sindians. Scythians have penetrated into areas of Priazovye and Northern Black Sea Coast from the east and began to restrict kimmerijtsev. Between them the long and persistent struggle which was stretched{which was dragged out} for some centuries began. Especially strong resistance kimmerijtsy rendered in a lower reaches of Don (the ancient name - Tanais) (1; 20). In VIII century BC kimmerijtsy were pushed aside to coast of Dnestr. Restricted by Scythians, they gathered on coast of Dnestr for the decision of a fatal problem{task}: whether to continue struggle against Scythians or to leave{abandon} rodnye edges{territories}. By words Gerodota, " people was for deviation, believing unnecessary to battle to such set of enemies; reign, on the contrary, considered necessary persistently to protect rodnuju the ground from aggressors. So, people has not heeded advice{council} of kings, and kings did not wish to submit to people. People has decided to leave{abandon} the native land and to give aggressors the ground without fight; reign, on the contrary, have preferred more likely to lie kostmi in rodnoj to the ground, than to seek safety in flight together with people. In fact to kings it was clear, they experienced what great happiness in rodnoj to the ground and what misfortunes and troubles expect the exiles, deprived the native land " (2; 1, 207). The arose dispute has resulted in rather sad consequences. Kimmerijtsy were divided{shared} into two equal parts and begun among themselves fight. This fratricidal battle has carried away life of many valorous, brave soldiers and leaders. Above tombs falling survived have built a grandiose barrow. In V century BC. Gerodot wrote that sooruzhennyj in VIII century BC. The barrow " can be seen also until now " (2; 1, 107).
Survived kimmerijtsy have left{abandoned} rodnye edges{territories}. They have left in two opposite directions. One group left to the west and has penetrated to BalKan peninsula, into Thrace. Another was directed to steppes Azovo-Caspian mezhdumorja. It has taken place in VIII century BC. We shall look after movement of the second group kimmerijtsev.
The part kimmerijtsev, left east, has penetrated into foothills to the south from Kuban (1; 21). Another was fixed in territory of modern Dagestan. The third, the most part, under statement Plutarha, has hidden from Scythians among bogs and canes of the lower course of Kuban. Then this group kimmerijtsev, moving along the Caucasian coast of Black sea, has penetrated on territory of Asia Minor. Here they appeared in 20th years of VIII century BC. How they managed to come off the persecutors of Scythians? It was possible due to the military cunning applied kimmerijtsami. What?
From the environment they allocated the group consisting of the best soldiers uti and hotov. This group has come nearer to a Scythian army, has let out{has released} a cloud strel, and then began to escape. Scythians were let to pursue fugitives. So it was possible to withdraw behind itself Scythians. In the meantime the great bulk kimmerijtsev under leadership of the leader of an aggressive tribe uti by name Teushpa was directed along east coast of Black sea to Asia Minor.
Scythians, pursuing group kimmerijtsev, proskakali along all Caucasian ridge up to Caspian sea. Here, in a lower reaches of Itil, they lost traces kimmerijtsev.
Kimmerijtsy-soldiers have hidden among canes in a lower reaches of Itil. After Scythians have left in Transcaucasia in searches of fugitives, they were forwarded through Itil and appeared in territory masgutov (massagetov). Aspiring to avoid a meeting with them, kimmerijtsy moved east on surburb S. kazahstan deserts. Finally they arrived to the Central Asia to the relatives hunnam. There is a question: who such Huns? The answer to this question will be given in the following lecture. While we shall note only following: those ethnic components on the basis of which will be generated closely related Bulgaram tribes, at will of destiny appeared in areas of the Central Asia and were part Huns as two clans - uti and hotov.
2. OCCURRENCE OF ETHNIC NUCLEUS DREVNEBULGARSKIH OF TRIBES
Now the question will be those Bulgarah-Sumerians which are longer, than all other groups of estate of soldiers, have kept the soslovno-ethnic cleanliness, not having mixed up with other ethnoses.
At the end of millennium BC in northern part of Mesopotamia historical ancestors of Arabs, i.e. Semites - Akkadians have become stronger. Their capital became the city of Akkad. Akkadianoe the empire has subordinated Sumer.
Last king (Ulug Vali) Sumer was Hon-Ulan. When Akkadians made active the actions directed on capture of possession Sumerians, Hon-Ulan has directed the ambassador to the governor of the state Idel. The state Idel was created in areas of the Itil region and Southern Ural and represented itself the union seven iranojazychnyh and Türkic-speaking  yh tribes. Prevailing position in the union was occupied with descendants Sinds, come back of Mesopotamia back in areas of the Average Itil region. Hon-Ulan asked governor Idelja of king Chelbeka of the help. CHelbek has directed " urus chiru ", i.e. " Great army " under leadership Kubercheka. However the help has not appeared in time, Sumerians have sufferred defeat. Tsar Hon-Ulan with a part of the rests of the army has left to the north and through Derbent pass has penetrated on territory of Northern Dagestan. Here also have met Hon-Ulan and Kuberchek. Former king of Sumer has expressed a wish to go east and there to locate. Kuberchek has decided to help it{him} with it. They have together reached the Altai mountains. Sumerians, arrived with Hon-Ulanom, here have located, and Kuberchek has returned to the Itil region, on territory of modern Samara area.
Thus, we have tracked historical destiny of two groups Sumerians. One group Sumerians-Bulgar as a result of mixture with kimerami and hettami has turned in kimmerijtsev. Then the part of them has penetrated into areas of the Central Asia and has begun formation of two closely related Bulgaram tribes - uti (uturgury) and jotas (kuturgury). Other group Sumerians-Bulgar under leadership Hon-Ulana was fixed in area of the Altai mountains. They have begun formation of a generality ak-Bulgar, i.e. east Bulgar.
The rest in Mesopotamia Sumerians started to lose the positions quickly.
The Arabian language became prevailing. Only one element of structure dying away of Sumer ethnos, namely descendants of soldiers - Bulgar have kept the Sumery language (4; 311).
In VI - 4th centuries BC territory of Sumer was part of the Persian state Ahemenidov. The Persian kings not only have got{started} at a court yard guards from descendants of soldiers - Bulgar, but also have settled their significant part on the most dangerous sites of border of the Persian power. Estate of soldiers former of Sumer society, i.e. Bulgars were divided{shared} into three large groups and together with wives and children are settled in different places.
The first group. Bulgar Persians settled this group in the western part of Transcaucasia in two important items{points} in the strategic attitude{relation}. One of items{points} was in territory of modern Georgia, and another - Armenia (4; 312-313).
The second group. The group thrown from Mesopotamia Bulgar was lodged in territory of Albania (Azerbaijan) to the south from Derbent. Here, between the Main Caucasian ridge and Caspian sea, the wall for protection against attacks of the tribes living in areas of Northern Caucasus was constructed Derbentskaja. In this wall a gate which were called Dzhora were made. Bulgars should protect this gate and not start up in Transcaucasia tribes from the north.
The third group. Bulgar Persians have placed this group in territory of Khurasan, i.e. a northeast part of Iran.
The Bulgars-soldiers who settled in Transcaucasia were an initial genetic nucleus actually Bulgar, generated later in independent ethnos. Therefore we should consider their historical way.
Prior to the beginning of 30th years of the 4th century BC Transcaucasithe Bulgars served the Persian kings. In 331 BC Alexander the Great has broken armies of the Persian king DarijaI. The Persian empire was liquidated. Transcaucasithe Bulgars went under authority Alexander the Great (4; 33). Sardar (leader) Bulgar by name Audan from dynasty Mara (the founder of a dynasty Sumer kings) married the daughter Alexander the Great.
In 323 BC Alexander the Great has died. After his{its} death Transcaucasithe Bulgars began to serve the Albanian (Azerbaijan) kings. However the situation in Transcaucasia and Northern Caucasus has sharply changed.
When macedonian armies have intruded on territory of Central Asia and modern Kazakhstan, a part masgutov (massagety) left in the Penalty - Saklan (North Caucasian and severoprichernomorskie steppes). They have broken akadzhirov. Tsar masgutov Azak has invited Transcaucasithe Bulgar to itself to service. Sardar Bulgar by name JUrgan (son Audana and daughters Alexander the Great) has agreed and with five thousand soldiers has gone in the Penalty - Saklan. At this time akadzhiry have lifted revolt against masgutov. Bulgars have helped masgutam to suppress performance{statement} akadzhirov. Knjazja akadzhirov were exterminated together with the synovjami. Simple people have attached to Bulgaram as clan (4; 313). Masgut king Azak as a token of gratitude for the rendered help in struggle against akadzhirov has settled Bulgar in a flat part of modern Northern Dagestan. Soon after that the leader Bulgar " JUrgan married princess from targizskogo clans At " (4; 313). Targizy are descendants of those kimmerijtsev, which in VIII century. Up to have AD disappeared from Scythians in a lower reaches of Kuban. As a result of this marriage{spoilage} targiz sort At began one of clans Bulgar. Tsar masgutov Azak has appointed JUrgana ulukbekom (grand duke) of all the Penalty - Saklana. So the territory between Caspian and Azov by seas became subject Bulgaram.
On what conclusions natalkivaet the stated material?
First, operedelena an ethnic generality which will be base for formation closely related Bulgaram tribes. Such ethnic generality were kimmerijtsy. The partition of this generality on two parts - uturgurov and kuturgurov - has begun formation of two tribes - uti and jotas. They existed and developed in areas of the Central Asia.
Second, regions where there was a formation actually Bulgar are determined. It was the flat part of Northern Dagestan and area of the Altai mountains.
Thirdly, the initial ethnic components including in structure formed ancient Bulgarianoj of ethnosystem are determined. It were actually Bulgars (Sumerians-soldiers), akadzhiry, kimmerijtsy from sort At.
The initial point of that ethnogenetic process which finally has resulted in formation{education} ancient Bulgarianogo ethnos was those.
The organization of cognitive activity of students.
The basic kinds of tasks should be directed on:
- Judgement of a role kimmerijtsev during formation closely related Bulgaram tribes;
- Revealing sindij sources of an ethnic history kimmerijtsev;
- Definition of the reasons of a leaving{care} kimmerijtsev from area of Priazovye.

4. Informatsionno-cognitive block
4.1. The information about Meotide.
Meotida - the ancient greek name of modern sea of Azov. This name has arose, apparently, from the name of people once living on coast of this sea. To tell the truth, ancient Greeks and Romans was called it{him} not the sea, and a bog. In VI century BC Greeks have based colony Tanais in a mouth of Don. A source of data. The big Soviet Encyclopedia. Т.38. - М., 1938. - With 831.
4.2. The additional information about kimmerijtsah.
Kimmerijtsy - the first inhabitants of Northern Black Sea Coast, whose name has reached us due to written sources. The first written data on them contain in "History" Gerodota (third quarter V of century BC), and also in assirij cuneiform writings. Assyrians used for their designation the ethnic term "gimirri".
Kimmerijtsy were ethnos, in extreme ancient times allocated among other tribes to the specific cultural attributes. Many archeologists and historians of them count founders and carriers katakombnoj cultures. Archeologists fix an area of moving of creators of this culture in limits from Itil up to Dnestr, and katakombnoj cultures in the specified region define{determine} duration of existence approximately in 500 years. In XVIII or XVII centuries BC the archeologic culture new to this region - srubnaja here starts to be distributed. Carriers srubnoj in the anthropological attitude{relation} were closer than culture to representatives of the tribes lived on Northern Caucasus.
Thus, founders katakombnoj cultures, i.e. kimmerijtsy have come in the stead jamnoj cultures and been superseded from areas of Northern Caucasus and Priazovye by carriers srubnoj cultures.
Economic activities kimmerijtsev. Kimmerijtsy were engaged not only cattle breeding, but also agriculture. They used mattocks from a horn of animals, zernoterki, sickles with silicon loose leaves, silicon crescent knifes. Kimmerijtsy millet and barley raised.
Except for cattle breeding and zemlepashenstva, kimmerijtsy were engaged bronzolitejnym in business. They made listovidnye cherenkovye daggers, shilja with a shank{cutting}, proear kolunoobraznye and flat klinovidnye axes, thin lamellar edges, and also massive chisels, etc., etc. Their bronze ornaments amaze modern people with the grace: it both a beads, and spiral temporal rings, and fine priveski, and mindalevidnye priveski with cast shnurovym a pattern, and bljashki, etc., etc.
Historical destiny kimmerijtsev. On historical destiny kimmerijtsev deciding influence rendered Scythians. So greko-latinojazychnye historians of ancient times was called descendants Sinds-urtsev, lodged in extreme ancient times in Saklane, i.e. in North Caucasian steppes. Kimmerijtsy were brave soldiers. Not casually ancient greek writer Kallin wrote: " Now there comes an army terrible kimmerijtsev ". However Scythians of them have overcome. Finally kimmerijtsy were fixed in three regions rather remote from each other.
First, in Bottom Prikubanje.
Second, in areas of Mongolia and Northern China.
Thirdly, in Cappadocia (in Asia Minor) on the river Galis (in an ancient times - Alis, the modern river Kyzyl - Irmak).
The main conclusion: kimmerijtsy were ethnic pervoosonovoj for closely related Bulgaram tribes.
Source vedeny:
I.M.histor's deacons of Media from the most ancient times up to the end of the 4th century BC.
Artamonov M.I.Kimmerijtsy and Scythians.
5. The block of self-checking and the mutual control.

literature and notes
1. Artamonov M.I.Kimmerijtsy and Scythians. - Л., 1974.
2. Gerodot. A history in nine books.-Л., 1972.
3. A history of the USSR since the most ancient times up to now. Sulfurs. The first. That 1. A primitive-communal system. The most ancient states of Transcaucasia and Central Asia. Ancient Russia (prior to the beginning of XIII century). - М., 1988.
4. Áàõøè Èìàí. Äæàãôàð òàðèõû. <file: /// C: / ° TurkicWWW/turkic/10_History/Djagfar_Tarihi/DjagfarTarihi1-5Ru.htm> That 1. Collection of Bulgarian annals. - Orenburg, 1993. That 2. Orenburg, 1994.
5. Religions of the ancient world in their attitude{relation} to christianity. Historical research. That the second. - Spb., 1875.
6. History Tatarii in documents and materials. - М., 1937.
7. Artamonov M.I.sketch of the most ancient history Khazar. - М., 1937.
8. CHichurov I.S.Byzantian historical compositions: "Chronography" Feofana, "Brevary" Nikifora / the Text, translation, the comment. - М., 1980.
9. I.M.histor's deacons of Media from the most ancient times up to the end of the 4th century BC - M. - L., 1956.
10. Materials on a history of the USSR for seminar and practical employment{occupations}. Vyp. 1. The most ancient peoples and the states in territory of the USSR. Studies. The grant{manual} / Sost.: D.J.Arapov, A.N.Novoseltsev, O.M.Rapov; under red. A.D.Gorskogo. - М., 1985.
11. Eremeeev D.E.Ethnogenesis the Turk. - М., 1971.
12. Materials on history Tatarii. Vyp. 1. - Kazan, 1948.
13. Smolin V.F. To a question on an origin of a nationality{national character} Kamsko-Itil Bulgaria. - Kazan, 1921.