Joachim Burger Mamas of Pokrovka Sarmatians Preliminary results of mtDNA study Molecular Archaeology Institute for Anthropology University of Mainz, Germany |
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Abstracts related to the Turkic History |
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http://www.csen.org/DNA_Report/DNA.html
- Repertory Warrior Women |
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Foreword |
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So far only Pokrovka Sarmatian mamas from the unstated period between 6 c. B.C.-3 c. A.D. Papas promised later. The analysis of mamas tells us that either only most dedicated husbands dragged their sweethearts with them half a way across Eurasia, otherwise finding suitable spouses locally, or that only selected few women belonging to the local highest elite could get a ticket for a place under kurgan. Turkic Sredny Stog spreading east and west also fits the results and history nicely. Probably, we will hear many other speculations, none better than the other. The genetics must be a superbly touchy subject, since the report on Pokrovka innocent glass beads by Mark E. Hall and Leonid Yablonsky was published still in 19100. And the papas are still waiting their day under a sun, keeping the mystery alive and allowing proliferation of a kind of particular-type theories. Because Pokrovka is just one of many thousands kurgan burials, it allows only a pick into the history, statistically insignificant, and can be dismissed as an aberration in the whole picture of some particular-type theories. Much more honest research is needed. Author's undefined yellow highlighting may indicate warrior burials, since one of the tasks of the study was to confirm that some of the buried warriors were in fact women. That was expected, though not completely appreciated by Indo-European-bent researchers. A real revelation of the study is the presence of the "surprising" - for the author, and probably for the same category of Indo-European researchers, which in itself is not surprising at all - the presence of a Turkic-rooted woman among the Pokrovka Sarmatians, and a complete absence of any pointers characteristic for the Indo-Iranians, who reputedly constituted a bulk, if not all, of the Sarmatians. On a similar study in the Carpathian basin see comment “Early Neolithic’ graves of the Carpathian Basin are in fact 6000 years younger—Appeal for real interdisciplinarity between archaeology and ancient DNA research”, Journal of Human Genetics (2012) 00, 1–3, The Japan Society of Human Genetics, on the publication in the Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 56, issue 11 (15 November 2011), an article by Guba, Z. et al., and “Absence of the lactase-persistence-associated allele in early Neolithic Europeans”, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 3736–3741 (2007) by Burger, J. et al. So far (2012), the samples have not been retested, and results have not been published. Revisions are as cited below, 2 Sarmatian and 1 potentially Magyar or Bulgarian Kabar are of mtDnA Hg N9a.
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Summary of preliminary results of Sarmatian mtDNA study |
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Material and Methods Specimen: From Pokrovka 15 skeletons were examined. Kurgan 7: 5 individuals - Burial of 1 man, 4 women and 2 children Extraction, PCR, cloning, sequencing First test was done looking for old DNA. Then DNA had been isolated from all skeletons with Phenol Chloroform Extraction and concentration with Contricon 100. PCR amplified the following marker:
1. mitochondrial DNA, Hypervariable Region 1 Position 15996 - 16410
= 415 bp 2. 9 short tandem repeat
loci With each extraction at least one extraction control has been
carried out. (blank or other species) Condition of the material: The amplified DNA showed the following, typical characteristics of
degraded DNA: Reproduction All DNA extractions have been carried out ternary and independently
(Ex A, B, C). Graphic 2: reproduction Strategy In conjunction with the STR Genotyping (generic fingerprint) the Amelogenin–locus has been analysed. Results
* more individuals are still being typed Inter Tribal Relations: 12 out of 13 Sarmatian individuals have different mitochondrial DNA-Sequences. That means that the individuals are not maternally related; meaning no mothers related to daughters or sons, no siblings, no aunts no uncles from the mothers side, not related with cousins or cousins of the mothers sister, etc. The only possible blood relation which could not be eliminated by the mt-DNA is the paternal relation. To review this possibility an STR-Genotype has been generated. This has been successfully done with 5 individuals so far (graphic 3). Graphic 3: Results of STR Genotyping
According to the results of the five successfully analyzed individuals, none of these individuals is a first grade relative of any other individual (neither maternal nor paternal). On all others, not yet positively - regarding STR - analyzed individuals, no comments can be made concerning paternal relations. Ethnicity: Mt-Sequences of 12 Sarmatians from the kurgan have been compared to 23.000 sequences from recessive populations (Data Base of Peter Poster, University of Cambridge). (recessive populations = homogeneous populations that because of their small size and interbreeding accumulate elevated proportion of recessive genes; that may result in visible peculiarities suppressed by dominant genes in non-recessive populations, such as predominantly light eyes - Translator's Note) Graphic 4: Worldwide spreading of Haplotypes which are identical with Pr 11 Map details and comments are Translator's Notes
The spreading of mt-DNA Hyplotypes in world-wide recessive populations can be divided in five groups:
1. Individuals with a Indo-European Haplotype with a geographical
spreading from Europe to Ural and the eastern parts of the
Mediterranean. All those Haplotypes accumulate within the Sarmatian
settlement area between the Black and Caspian Sea. (Pr 1, 4, 5,
8,11; graphic 4). Few samples were found in Africa but are not
significant and can be ascribed to the relatively young age of the
homo Sapiens. Graphic 6: Worldwide spreading of Haplotypes which are identical with Pr 13
Pr 6 is the only sample that stands out from all other samples as it shows no Indo-European Haplotype at all. Surprisingly the smear tests of the oral mucosa of the women from western Mongolia complies with Pr 6 - except for one base. A contamination of the material is not possible,
1. the recessive samples have been delivered after the bones have
been analyzed. Resume:
1. The morphological gender determination is correct. The “warrior
women” are indeed female.
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