Ptolemy's Europe |
Ptolemy
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Eastern Europe
1.
Reconstruction of European Sarmatia Map, Book 3 Chapter 5 |
Âîñòî÷íàÿ Åâðîïà
1.
Ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ êàðòû Åâðîïåéñêîé Ñàðìàòèè, Êíèãà 3 Ãëàâà 5 (Êàðòà îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò Àíãëîÿçû÷íîé) |
Links |
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http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/.Texts/Ptolemy/home.html |
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Source and Comments |
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A.D.Udaltsov TRIBES of EUROPEAN SARMATIA 2c. AD
(Ethogenesis Questions, No 1,
1946, page 41-50) |
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Introduction |
Ââåäåíèå |
Claudius Ptolemy was a geographer, astronomer and mathematician of the 2c AD, exact dates are not known, but he worked in Alexandria between 127 and 148 AD. By Bill Thayer: Ptolemy's Geography was an atlas. Ptolemy was well aware of the copying errors, his maps have consequently disappeared, nothing remains but the index. Ptolemy suggested that people re-plot his data. Various people at various times have redrawn the maps from the coördinates given in the work The edition in English translation with no original-language text, is hardly a scholarly one, which is sad, since I know of no other English translation. Anyway, it was clearly not proofread and introduces many errors of its own into the already unreliable manuscript tradition. For European Sarmatia, Ptolemy lists 41 sets of coordinates, including 22 towns, and 61 population names, some of them variations of the same name. A few of the population names are readily recognizable: Finnish: Finns. Lituanian/Veneds: Veneds. Türkic: Agathyrsi (Türk. Agach-er, forest people), Celtic Bastarns. Germanic/Scandinavian Burgiones, Galindae. A number of names are associated with the location: Carpiani, Tanaites, Tansmontani, Tauroscythae (Türk. Mountain Scythes), Tyrangitae (Gets of Tyre?). There are exoethnyms like Hippopodes (Short-legged?). The attribution of the a number of the names is purely speculative. |
Claudius Ptolemy áûë ãåîãðàô, àñòðîíîì è ìàòåìàòèê 2 â í.ý., òî÷íûå äàòû íå èçâåñòåíû, íî îí ðàáîòàë â Àëåêñàíäðèè ìåæäó 127 è 148 ãã.í.ý. By Áèëë Òåéåð: “Ãåîãðàôèÿ“Ïòîëåìåÿ áûëà àòëàñîì. Ïòîëåìåé õîðîøî çíàë îøèáêè êîïèðîâàíèÿ, åãî êàðòû âïîñëåäñòâèè èñ÷åçëè, îñòàëñÿ òîëüêî èíäåêñ. Ïòîëåìåé ïðåäëîæèë, ÷òîáû ëþäè ïåðåñîñòàâëÿëè êàðòû ñ åãî äàííûìè. Ðàçíûå ëþäè â ðàçíûå âðåìåíà ïîâòîðíî ðèñîâàëè êàðòû ñ êîîðäèíàòàìè äàííûìè â åãî ðàáîòå. Èçäàíèå â àíãëèéñêîì ïåðåâîäå áåç òåêñòà îðèãèíàëà íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ àêàäåìè÷åñêèì, è ýòî ãðóñòíî, òàê êàê ÿ íå çíàþ íè î êàêîì äðóãîì Àíãëèéñêîì ïåðåâîäå. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, ÿñíî ÷òî ýòî íå áûëî ñâåðåíî, è ïðèâíîñèò ìíîãî îøèáîê ê ñîáñòâåííûì â òðàäèöèþ è òàê óæ íåíàäåæíûõ ðóêîïèñåé. Äëÿ Eâðîïåéñêîé Ñàðìàòèè, Ïòîëåìåé âíîñèò â ñïèñîê 41 íàáîð êîîðäèíàò, âêëþ÷àÿ 22 ãîðîäà, è 61 íàçâàíèé íàñåëåíèÿ, íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ ðàçíîâèäíîñòè òîãî æå ñàìîãî íàçâàíèÿ. Íåñêîëüêî èç íàèìåíîâàíèé íàñåëåíèÿ ñ ãîòîâíîñòüþ ðàñïîçíàþòñÿ: Ôèíñêèå: Ôèííû. Ëèòîâñêèå/Âåíåäñêèå: Veneds Tþðêñêèå: Àãàöèðû (Tþðê. Agach-er, ëþäè ëåñà), Êåëüòû: Áàñòåðí/Áàñòàðí, Ïåâêèí, Ñèäîí, Îìáðîí, Èãèëëèîí, Êîòèí, Àíàðò, Áðèòîëàã Ãåðìàíî/Ñêàíäèíàâû: Burgiones, Galindae, Ñâåâ, Ìàðêîìàíí, Êâàä. Ìíîæåñòâî íàçâàíèé(èìåí) ñâÿçàíî ñ ìåñòîïîëîæåíèåì: Carpiani, Tanaites, Tansmontani, Tauroscythae (Tþðê. Ãîðíûå Ñêèôû), Tyrangitae (Òèðñêèå Ãåòû?) . Íåêîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ýêçîåòíîíèìàìè ïîäîáíî Hippopodes (Êîðîòêî-íîãèé?). Àòòðèáóöèÿ ìíîæåñòâà íàçâàíèé ÷èñòî ñïåêóëÿòèâíàÿ. |
Book III, Chapter 5Location of European Sarmatia
|
N | E | |
western mouth of the Tanais river |
66*20 |
5420 |
eastern mouth |
67*00 |
5430 |
Bend of the river |
72*30 |
5600 |
Source of the river |
64*00 |
5800 |
Above this the terminus, which I have mentioned, near the unknown land,
the location of terminus is |
64*00 |
6300 |
Sarmatia is divided by other mountains, which are called
Peuce mountains |
51*00 |
5100 |
Amadoci mountains |
55*00 |
5100 |
Bodinus mountains |
58*00 |
5500 |
Alanus mountains |
62*30 |
5500 |
Carpathian mountains as we call them |
46*00 |
4830 |
Venedici mountains |
47*30 |
5500 |
Ripaei, the middle of which is in |
63*00 |
5730 |
The part of the Borysthenes river which is near Amodoca lake is in |
53*30 |
5020 |
The source of the Borysthenes river more toward the north is in |
52*00 |
5300 |
Of the rivers which are below the Borysthenes
the Tyras separates parts of Dacia and Sarmatia at the bend which is located in | 53*00 | 4830 |
The island located near the mouth of the Tanais river is Alopecia or Tanais island |
66*30 |
5330 |
The Axiaces river flows thru Sarmatia not far above Dacia, and from the Carpathian mountains.
the Altars of Alexander |
63*00 |
5700 |
and the Altars of Caesar |
68*00 |
5630 |
and on the shore of the river is Tanais town |
67*00 |
5440 |
The inland towns in the river regions around the Carcinitus river are:
Carcina town |
59*30 |
4845 |
Torocca town |
58*30 |
4900 |
Pasyris town |
58*30 |
4910 |
Ercabum town |
58*30 |
4915 |
Tracana town |
58*30 |
4945 |
Navarum town |
58*30 |
5000 |
Along the Borysthenes river are:
Azagarium town |
56*00 |
5040 |
Amadoca town |
56*00 |
5030 |
Sarum town |
56*00 |
5015 |
Serimum town |
57*00 |
5000 |
Metropolis town |
56*30 |
4930 |
Olbia or Borysthenes town |
57*00 |
4900 |
above the Axiaces river, Ordessus town |
57*00 |
4830 |
And near the river which flows into the Borysthenes:
Leinum town |
54*00 |
5015 |
Sarbacum town |
55*00 |
5000 |
Niossum town |
56*00 |
4940 |
Above the Tyras river near Dacia:
Carrodunum town |
49*30 |
4840 |
Maetonium town |
51*00 |
4830 |
Clepidava town |
52*30 |
4840 |
Vibantavarium town |
53*30 |
4840 |
Eractum town |
53*50 |
4840 |
The island located near the mouth of the Tanais river is Alopecia or Tanais island |
66*30 |
5330 |
The Greater Venedae races inhabit Sarmatia along the entire Venedicus bay; and above Dacia are the Peucini and the Basternae; and along the entire coast of Maeotis are the Iazyges and the Rhoxolani; more toward the interior from these are the Amaxobii and the Scythian Alani.
Lesser races inhabit Sarmatia near the Vistula river. Below the Venedae are the Gythones, then the Finni, then the Sulones; below whom are the Phrungundiones; then the Avarini near the source of the Vistula river; below these are the Ombrones, then the Anartophracti, then the Burgiones, then the Arsietae, then the Saboci, then the Piengitae and the Biessi near the Carpathian mountains.
Among those we have named to the east: below the Venedae are the Galindae, the Sudini, and the Stavani, extending as far as the Alauni; below these are the Igylliones, then the Coestoboci and the Tansmontani extending as far as the Peuca mountains.
Back from the Ocean, near the Venedicus bay, the Veltae dwell, above whom are the Ossi; then more toward the north the Carbones and toward the east are the Careotae and the Sali; below whom are the Gelones, the Hippopodes and the Melanchlaeni; below these are the Agathyrsi; then the Aorsi and the Pagyritae; then the Savari and the Borusci to the Ripaeos mountains; then the Acibi and the Nasci; below whom are the Vibiones and the Idrae; and below the Vibiones bordering on the Alauni are the Sturni, and between the Alauni and the Amaxobii are the Cariones and the Sargati; near the bend of the Tanis river are the Ophlones and then the Tanaitae; below whom are the Osili extending as far as Rhoxolanis; between the Amaxobii and the Rhoxolani are the Rheucanali and the Exobygitae; and between the Peucini and the Basternae are the Carpiani, above whom are the Gevini, then the Bodini; between the Basternae and the Rhoxolani are the Chuni, and below the mountains named from these are the Amadoci and the Navari.
Near Lake Byce dwell the Toreccadae, and near Achilles Cursus the Tauroscythae; below the Basternae near Dacia are the Tigri and below these are the Tyrangitae.
Alphabetical List of peoples |
1 | Acibi | 17 | Cariones | 33 | Navari. | 49 | Stavani |
2 | Agathyrsi | 18 | Carpiani | 34 | Ombrones | 50 | Sturni |
3 | Alauni | 19 | Chuni | 35 | Ophlones | 51 | Sudini |
4 | Amadoci | 20 | Coestoboci | 36 | Osili | 52 | Sulones |
5 | Amaxobii | 21 | Exobygitae | 37 | Ossi | 53 | Tanaitae |
6 | Anartophracti | 22 | Finni | 38 | Pagyritae | 54 | Tansmontani |
7 | Aorsi | 23 | Galindae | 39 | Peucini | 55 | Tauroscythae |
8 | Arsietae | 24 | Gelones | 40 | Phrungundiones | 56 | Tigri |
9 | Avarini | 25 | Gevini | 41 | Piengitae | 57 | Toreccadae |
10 | Basternae | 26 | Gythones | 42 | Rheucanali | 58 | Tyrangitae. |
11 | Biessi | 27 | Hippopodes | 43 | Rhoxolani | 59 | Veltae |
12 | Bodini | 28 | Iazyges | 44 | Saboci | 60 | Venedae |
13 | Borusci | 29 | Idrae | 45 | Sali | 61 | Vibiones |
14 | Burgiones | 30 | Igylliones | 46 | Sargati | ||
15 | Carbones | 31 | Melanchlaeni | 47 | Savari | ||
16 | Careotae | 32 | Nasci | 48 | Alani Scythian |
Attribution List of peoples |
In some cases the attribution is undisputable. In most cases the attribution is based on the known semantical, etymological, and historical data.
Finnish/Ugrian |
Türkic |
Unattributed |
|||||
17 | Cariones | 2 | Agathyrsi | 1 | Acibi | ||
22 | Finni | 3 | Alauni | 8 | Arsietae | ||
29 | Idrae | 4 | Amadoci | 11 | Biessi | ||
32 | Nasci | 5 | Amaxobii | 13 | Borusci | ||
61 | Vibiones | 7 | Aorsi | 15 | Carbones | ||
Lituanian/Veneds |
9 | Avarini | 25 | Gevini | |||
16 | Careotae | 12 | Bodini | 26 | Gythones | ||
20 | Coestoboci | 14 | Burgiones | 27 | Hippopodes | ||
23 | Galindae | 19 | Chuni | 35 | Ophlones | ||
45 | Sali | 21 | Exobygitae | 38 | Pagyritae | ||
51 | Sudini | 24 | Gelones | 41 | Piengitae | ||
59 | Veltae | 27 | Hippopodes | 44 | Saboci | ||
60 | Venedae | 28 | Iazyges | 49 | Stavani | ||
31 | Melanchlaeni | 50 | Sturni | ||||
German/Scandinav |
33 | Navari. | 52 | Sulones | |||
23 | Galindae | 36 | Osili | 53 | Tanaitae | ||
40 | Phrungundiones | 37 | Ossi | 54 | Tansmontani | ||
Celtic |
42 | Rheucanali | 58 | Tyrangitae. | |||
Anartophracti | 43 | Rhoxolani | |||||
10 | Basternae | 46 | Sargati | ||||
18 | Carpiani | 47 | Savari | ||||
39 | Peucini | 48 | Alani Scythian | ||||
30 | Igylliones | 55 | Tauroscythae | ||||
34 | Ombrones | 56 | Tigri | ||||
57 | Toreccadae |
Footnotes |
4 Amadoci - Madoks (Bk. 5 Ch. 8), living with 3 other Türkic peoples: Zakats (Scyth-Saks), Ases (Asiakes), Huns
5 Amaxobii - “living in wagons“ - Sarmats east of Don/Donets
6 Anartophracti - Anart
14 Burgiones = Urgs/Ugrs, of Ugro-Finn group
17 Cariones - Kurs, Kurons, Karels (?), but also could be attributed to Türkic as listed living with 3 other Türkic peoples: Alans, Sarmats-Amaxobies and Sargats
18 Carpiani - listed living with 2 other Celtic peoples: Basternae and Peucini
20 Coestoboci - Dacian “bright“, Dacian belonging to Sanskrit, Persian and Baltic/Venedic language group
21 Exobygitae - listed living with 2 other Türkic peoples: Sarmats-Amaxobies and Rhoxolani
42 Rheucanali - Rhoxolani
56 Tigri - Taugurs, Türk. “Mountain Tribe“, same as Tauroscythae = “Mountain Scyths“
57 Toreccadae - listed living near Lake Byce and surrounded by Türkic peoples
And More Notes |
1 Agathyrsi - the alternate spelling of the endoethnonym “Akač-er“(Oguz Türk. Agach - “Tree“, Er - “People“, in English we know this word as “Acacia tree“), present the best evidence of their Ogur affiliation. Historically, Akacirs are always next to their Ogur kin: Bulg-ars, Haz-ars, Maj-ars, Mish-ars, Suv-ars, etc.
3 Alauni - it is possible to discern the root “Alan“in other ethnonyms recorded by Ptolemy. With the Oguz initial consonant in front, the “Alan“sounds like Galan, Yalan or Jalan. From this point of view, the Alani group may include the Galindae and Gelones, but for Galindae that contradicts the Ptolemy's counterposition of the “Venedae, Galindae, Sudini, Stavani, extending as far as the Alauni“. In the following listing, Ptolemy places the Gelones next to the presumably Türkic Melanchlaeni, and the Türkic Agathyrsi and Aorsi, which would be logical for the Türkic nomadic tribe Gelones .
To the same Alanian ethnic domain belong the Rhoxolani/Rheucanali, whose name incorporates an adjective noun. If Rhox/Rheuc reflects the Türk. Uraxy - “Farmer“, then this is an indication that these nomads had a traditional inclination to a combined pastoral and agrarian production, as opposed to the purely pastoral production. But then, they would not have the giant military prowess to make the Roman Empire their tributary. What is clear is that prior to the Gothic invasion, Rhoxolani were the “Royal Scythians“, having united multiple peoples into a multi-ethnic confederation under their leadership.
7 Aorsi - it is possible to view the “Aors“as synonyms with “Avars“and “Alans“based on the linguistic correlations.
9 Avarini - Avars, together with Huns, were prominent Europeans at the time of Ptolemy, ca. 100 AD. If they were impacted or displaced by the expansion of the Roman Empire (Avars), or by the invading Goths (possibly were impacted both Avars and Huns, with their dependencies), it is no wonder that they were able to mobilize and venture on the “reconquista“campaign to reposes their country under the leadership of Huns' Khan Muncuk. The Hunnish motherland was known as “Atel-kuzu“(Türk. Ata-El-Kuzu“- “Father-Country-People“) well into the 15-th c. AD.
Ptolemy places another group that sounds like Avars, Navari, next to the Huns and surrounds by Türkic Yazigs and Toreccadae.
12 Bodini - the alternate spelling “Budini“, ( Türk. “People, folk“) is unlikely, as is believed, an endoethnonym, unless it had a connotation “man, men“identical to “Er, Ar, Ir“. If it had not, it is more likely an ethnomorphless “People“in a derogatory meaning of the “servants, dependents, contributors, serfs“. To exist in the symbiotic balance with the nomadic pastoralists, the Budins must be from a traditionally farming, and relatively settled, society. Alternately, they can be tributaries within the taxing sphere of the nomads. Note that semantically, “Budins“oppose the typical endoethnonyms, like Alans - “Steppe People“, As-guz - “As Nation“, Akach-ir - “Forest People“, Suv-ar - “Water People“.
28 Iazyges - the alternate spelling, “Jazyges“, (As/Jas Guz, “As People“) hints at the initial “d“in the endoethnonym, evidencing its appertaining to the Ogur group of the Türkic languages. Note the Ptolemy's spelling for Aksarmats, “Yaksamats“( Türk. “White Sarmats“), also hinting that at least the “White“division of the Sarmats was of the Oguric group.
36 Osili - it is possible to discern the root “As“in other ethnonyms recorded by Ptolemy. The root “As“is present in Ish-guz (Gr. Scyth), Osili, Ossi, Acibi (Türk. As-bey, or As-bi, “Noble As“), Iazyges, Arsietae (who lived next to the hypothetically Finno-Ugrian Burgiones = Urgs/Ugrs). As much as the endoethnonym “As“was spread in the Eastern Europe and the Middle East, so was its Ogur counterpart “Jas“spread in the North-Eastern Europe. Not all endoethnonyms can be etymologized nowadays, but one is with us, the Azeri people, are still “As-Er“s, “As-People“. They are Oguses, and pronounce it “As“, not “Jas“as were the Ogurs.
46 Sargati - Sarguzes (Türk. Sary-Guz - “Yellow Tribe“) is composed of the two ever present components of the Türkic endoethnonyms. Just pronounce the “t“as a voiced “th“. The adjective “Sary“is light, bright, or yellow, or eastern as opposed to western. “Guz“is a tribe, division, “arrow“, a component. Along with the “Kara“- black, western, powerful, lay (as in “lay people“), and “Ak“is for white, superior, noble. These three adjectives were used innumerable times during the millenniums. Ptolemy lists Siracs, “Sary-As“, living in the North Caucasus Sarmatia.
38 Three groups have a root “Get“in their ethnonym: Exobygitae, Piengitae, and Tyrangitae. One more, Pagyritae, comes close too. The Piengitae, and Tyrangitae live close to the Dacia, and with a little doubt their endoethnonym can be associated with the surrounding Daco-Geto-Balto-Venedic group. The Exobygitae, in the northern plain of the Meotida, and the Pagyritae east of the Aorses and sandwiched between Melanchlaeni and Zakates, more likely would be the Türkic tribes. The Greek prefix “Exo“(Gr. Exo - “out, outside“) leads to read Exobygitae as a group located further of the phanthom Bygitae, confirming that the exoethnonym Exobygitae has a non-Gethic provenance. The root “Pagyr“in the endoethnonym Pagyritae can be read as “Pa-Guz“or “Pag-Ir“, consistent with their location in the midst of the Türkic tribes.
44 Two groups have a Dacian root “Boc“in their endoethnonym: Coestoboci and Saboci. The Ptolemy's placement of the Saboci in the vicinity of Dacia is consistent with their conjectural Daco-Geto-Balto-Venedic provenance.
50 Two groups have a Celtic suffix “-ern“in their endoethnonym: Basternae and Sturni. The Ptolemy's placement of the Sturni on the periphery of the Celtic belt is consistent with a notion that they are a Celtic group.
15 Five groups have a Greek suffix “-ion“in in their ethnonym: Cariones, Vibiones, Burgiones, Phrungundiones, and Igylliones. Another six groups potentially have a suffix “-(i)on“in their ethnonym: Carbones, Gelones, Gythones, Ombrones, Ophlones, Sulones. Aside from the ethnonyms whose providence is deduced from other considerations, the remaining Carbones, Gythones, Ophlones, and Sulones have the roots Carb, Gyth, Ophl, Sul. If we read “Gyth“as “Geth“, we would expect then to be located close to the other Geto-Dacian-Venedic tribes, and in fact Ptolemy places them next to Veneds. If we read “Sul“as “Sal“, we would expect then to be located close to the other “Sal“tribe. Ptolemy locates them next to the Finno-Ugrian Finns and the Venedic Veneds. This line of reasoning brings the topic back to the validity of the initial conjectures. The “Carb“and “Ophl“sound enough Greek to be considered a part of the exoethnonyms.