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Hunnic language

Wikipedia article
Revision 31 January 2011, 20:25
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunnic_language&oldid=411231983

Introduction

This is a reprint of the "Hunnic language" article posted in Wikipedia and later revised to remove any material supporting Türkic-ligality of the Huns. Because the editorial censorship by the proponents with an angle makes the subject totally devoid of the substance, the full uncensored text as of 31 January 2011 is posted here for a record. Wikipedia materials are not copyrighted and can freely be used for educational purposes. In this posting, the Wikipedia formatting was not preserved.

The inconvenient truth is that to date all reconstructions of the Hunnic phrase were successfully done only with the Türkic language. No successul or even unsuccessful reconstruction was done in any other advocated languages. The phrase, in V.S.Taskin phonetization, goes as follows (E.G.Pulleyblank's phonetization using Kalgren's conversion is shown for comparison, the consistency of all reconstuctions is clearly manifested):

Cyrillic (V.S.Taskin) English E.G.Pulleyblank
Сючжи тилиган
Пугу цзюйтудан
Süčy tiligan
Pugu qüitudan

siu\-cie < *sūx-kēh thei\-let/lei\-kaŋ < *θe(t)s-let/le(t)s-kaŋ
bok-kuk/yok < *buk-kok/(g)δōk giou-thuk-taŋ < *gōh-thok/θok-taŋ

The Türkic lexical and grammatical source of the phrase is beyond any doubt, and is not contended by any advocates. The desperate line of defence is thus shifted to the ethnic identifications, Huns vs Jie, and Huns vs their Chinese moniker Xiongnu, the identifications that are well established by now.

Text of additional citations, references, and comments are highlighted in blue, to distinguish them from the body of the original Wikipedia text. Some of those materials may be reinstatement of the clauses removed during cleansing of the context.

Article

Hunnic language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Revision as of 20:25, 31 January 2011
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunnic_language&oldid=411231983

The Hunnic language, or Hunnish, is the language spoken by the historic European and Asian Huns (Indian Huna).[1][2][3] The literary records for this language are sparse, consisting of a few names and words, and there is no firm scholarly consensus on its affinities.[4][5]

Contents

Hunnic lexicon and grammar

The suggestion that Hunnic was a Turkic language arises from the identification of some of the Hunnic names, attested in the surviving literary records, as Turkic.[6] The only Hunnic phrase recorded in the Chinese annals (Jin shi) was uttered by a Buddhist monk Buttocho in service of the Later Zhao Tianwang Shi Le in connection with the Shi Le fight against Liu Yao in 328 CE. The phrase, specifically identified as Hunnic (Jie Hu), was recorded with Chinese translation of the whole phrase and its each word, and phonetic rendering.[7] This phrase was analyzed and translated in numerous publications. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] The Turkic language of the phrase was demonstrated by the translations of Ramstedt, Bazin, Von Gabain, and Shervashidze, who recognized Turkic lexicon and grammar, and gave their versions of the transcription and translation.

Turkic Language Claims

秀支 替戾剛,

僕谷 劬禿當

Fang Xuanling gave the Chinese translations of the words in the phrase (phonetic Romanization per V.S. Taskin [13]):

"秀支 (süčy) means “army" 軍; 替戾剛 (tiligan ) is “go out” 出; 僕谷 (Pugu) is Liu Yao Hu's title 劉曜胡位; 劬禿當 (qüitudan) is “seize”, “catch" 捉". [14]

Ramstedt Bazin Von Gabain Shervashidze
Sükâ tal'iğan
bügüg tutan!
Süg tâgti idqan
boquγı tutqan!
Särig tilitgan
buγuγ kötüzkan
Sükâ tol'iqtin
buγuγ qodigo(d)tin
Go with a war
[and] captured bügü!
Send an army to attack
[and] capture the commander!
You'd put forth the army,
you'd take the deer
You came to the army
Deposed buγuγ

The inscription on the Khan Diggiz plate has been interpreted as giving the name of a known Western Hunnic king, Dengizich, son of Attila, in a form of Turkic.[15][16]

Indo-European Language Claims

Other names were classified as Germanic[17] and Iranian,[18] which implicates that the Hunnic language could have also been Indo-European instead of Turkic. To strengthen that argument, the recorded words (medos, kamos, strava (and possibly cucurun)) do not seem to be Turkic.[19] Thus in reality, it is not fundamentally clear which 'primary' language was spoken, although the Gothic language was the lingua franca of that time.[20]

Linguistic classification

Hunnic has been theoretically considered by some, with the languages Bulgar, Khazar, Turkic Avar and Chuvash, to be a member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] All except for Chuvash are extinct and known only from very scant records.

Other theories point out to either Indo-European or Uralic classifications.

Hunnic and other language groups

Uralic Language Claims

Attempts have been made to identify the Hunnic language as related to Hungarian.[29] Hungarian legends and histories from medieval times onwards assume close ties with the Huns. The name Hunor is preserved in legends and (with a few Hunnic names, such as Attila) is used as a given name in modern Hungary and in Turkey as respectively Onur and Atilla. Some Hungarian people share the belief that the Székelys, a Hungarian ethnic group living in Romania, are descended from a group of Huns who remained in the Carpathian Basin after 454; this myth was recorded in the medieval Gesta Hungarorum.[30]

It has been suggested that the Hunnic language was related to that of the Xiongnu and not to other language groups, but there is no scholarly consensus on this suggestion or on what languages the Xiongnu spoke.[31][32]

Notes

  1. ^ Wang Shiping, Where Did the Huns Go? http://www.chinesejy.com/yuwen/259/305/2005122925403.html
  2. ^ Wang Zu, Scourge of God http://www.amazon.cn/dp/bkbk705875
  3. ^ Lin Gan, A Study of Northern Nationalities in Ancient China http://www.amazon.cn/dp/zjbk600291
  4. ^ Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press, 1973
  5. ^ Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Language of Huns
  6. ^ Notably as documented in the works of Maenchen-Helfen (1973), Pritsak (1982), Kemal (2002).
  7. ^ Fang Xuanling, "Jin-shu" (History of Jin Dynasty), Peking, Bo-na, 1958, Ch. 95, pp. 12-b - 13-a
  8. ^ Ramstedt G.J., "Zur Frage nach der Stellung des Tschuwassischen" (On the question of the position of the Chuvash), JSFOu 38, 1922, pp. 1on
  9. ^ Bazin L., "Un texte prototürk du 4-e siecle", Oriens, Vol. 1. No. 2, 1948, pp. 211on
  10. ^ Von Gabain, A. "Animal traits in the army commander", Journal of Turkish Studies, 1:95-112, 1949
  11. ^ Pulleyblank E.G., "The consonantal system of Old Chinese", Asia Major 9 (1963), p. 264
  12. ^ Shervashidze I.N. "Verb forms in the language of the Turkic runiform inscriptions", Tbilisi, 1986, pp. 3-9
  13. ^ Taskin V.S. "Materials on the history of nomadic peoples in China. 3rd - 5th cc. AD. Issue 2. Jie", p. 8
  14. ^ Fang Xuanling, "Jin-shu"., Ibid, Ch. 95, pp. 12-b-13-a
  15. ^ Azgar Mukhamadiev. "The Khan Diggiz Dish Inscription". Excerpts from the article "Turanian Writing", in: Problems Of Linguoethnohistory Of The Tatar People, Kazan, 1995, pages 36–83 [1]
  16. ^ Muhamadiev A. "Ancient coins of Kazan", Kazan, 2005, pp. 37-41, ISBN 5-298-04057-8
  17. ^ http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_4.html O. Maenchen-Helfen The World of the Huns. Chapter IX. Language. 5. Iranian names
  18. ^ http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_5.html O. Maenchen-Helfen The World of the Huns. Chapter IX. Language. 4. Germanized and Germanic Names
  19. ^ Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Language of Huns, Ch. 9.
  20. ^ Priscus fr. 8 ("For the subjects of the Huns, swept together from various lands, speak, besides their own barbarous tongues, either Hunnic or Gothic, or--as many as have commercial dealings with the western Romans--Latin")
  21. ^ "It is assumed that the Huns also were speakers of an l- and r- type Turkic language and that their migration was responsible for the appearance of this language in the West." Johanson (1998); cf. Johanson (2000, 2007) and the articles pertaining to the subject in Johanson & Csató (ed., 1998).
  22. ^ Pritsak, Omeljan. 1982 "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan." Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 6, pp. 428–476.[2]
  23. ^ Dybo A.V., "Linguistic contacts of early Türks. Lexical fund: Pra-Türkic period" Moscow, 2007, p. 103, ISBN 98-5-02-036320-5 (In Russian)
  24. ^ Dybo A.V., "Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks", Moskow, 2007, p. 786, [3] (In Russian)
  25. ^ Starostin S.A. (project "Tower of Babel"), [4] the database includes Sinicisms borrowed into the Pra-Türkic (i.e., present in both Pra-Türkic and Bulgar branches)
  26. ^ Murdak O.A. "Pra-Türkic metallurgical lexicon", “Monumenta Altaica”, [5]
  27. ^ Tzvetkov P.S., "The Turks, Slavs and the Origin of the Bulgarians"//The Turks, Vol 1, pp. 562-567, Ankara, 2002, ISBN 975-6782-55-2, 975-6782-56-0
  28. ^ Shervashidxe I.N., "Fragment of Ancient Türkic lexicon. Titles"//Problems of Linguistics, No 3, pp. 81-91, (In Russian)
  29. ^ http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_4.html O. Maenchen-Helfen. The World of the Huns. Chapter IX. Language. 4. Germanized and Germanic Names "the thesis that Kéẓai, who dedicated his Gesta Hungarorum to Ladislaus IV (1272-1290), preserved genuine Magyar traditions about the Huns has long been refuted. Eighty years ago Hodgkin wrote: "The Hungarian traditions no more fully illustrate the history of Attila than the Book of Mormon illustrates the history of the Jews.""
  30. ^ Kordé Zoltán: A székelykérdés története
  31. ^ Étienne de la Vaissière, Xiongnu. Encyclopedia Iranica online, 2006
  32. ^ Dr. Obrusánszky, Borbála : The History and Civilization of the Huns. Paper of the University of Amsterdam, 8 October 2007. Page 60. [6]

Bibliography

  • Clark, Larry. 1998. "Chuvash." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 434–452.
  • Gmyrya, L. 1995. Hun country at the Caspian Gate: Caspian Dagestan during the epoch of the Great Movement of Peoples. Makhachkala: Dagestan Publishing.
  • Golden, Peter B. 1998. "The Turkic peoples: A historical sketch." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 16–29.
  • Heather, Peter. 1995. "The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe." English Historical Review 110.4–41.
  • Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge.
  • Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125.[7]
  • Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopaedia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 5 September 2007.[8]
  • Johanson, Lars. 2000. "Linguistic convergence in the Volga area." In: Gilbers, Dicky, Nerbonne, John & Jos Schaeken (ed.). Languages in contact. Amsterdam & Atlanta: Rodopi. (Studies in Slavic and General linguistics 28.), pp. 165–178.[9]
  • Johanson, Lars. 2007. Chuvash. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Kemal, Cemal. 2002. "The Origins of the Huns: A new view on the eastern heritage of the Hun tribes." (Text edited from conversations with Kemal Cemal, Turkey, 1 November 2002.) In: The History Files, Features for Europe, Barbarian Europe.[10]
  • Krueger, John. 1961. Chuvash Manual. Bloomington: Indiana University Publications.
  • Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 1973. The world of the Huns: Studies in their history and culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.[11]
  • Mukhamadiev, Azgar G. 1995. "The inscription on the plate of Khan Diggiz." In: In: Problems of the lingo-ethno-history of the Tatar people. Kazan: Tatarskoe knizhnoe izd-vo, pp. 36–83. (ISBN 5-201-08300, in Russian). Translated from the Russian into English, www.turkicworld.org.[12]
  • Pritsak, Omeljan. 1982. "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan." Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 6, pp. 428–476.
  • Róna-Tas, András. 1998. "The reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the genetic question." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 67–80.
  • Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I–III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
  • Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkic languages. Petrograd.[13]
  • Thompson, E.A. 1948. A History of Attila and the Huns. London: Oxford University Press. Reedited by Peter Heather. 1996. The Huns. Oxford: Blackwell.

External links

  • The World of the Huns by Otto Maenchen-Helfen, University of California Press, 1973. Chapter: IX. Language

 

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